Titlebook: CRISPR-Cas Systems; RNA-mediated Adaptiv Rodolphe Barrangou,John van der Oost Book 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Acquired imm

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R research community.Includes supplementary material: .CRISPR/Cas is a recently described defense system that protects bacteria and archaea against invasion by mobile genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids. A wide spectrum of distinct CRISPR/Cas systems has been identified in at least half of

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Discovery and Seminal Developments in the CRISPR Field,s Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or CRISPR. Advances in our understanding of their biological significance and potential applications for biotechnology have followed a two-phased development. Initial studies were few and mainly descriptive of arrays of interspaced repeats

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Evolution and Classification of CRISPR-Cas Systems and Cas Protein Families,ting fragments of alien genomes into specific genomic loci, transcribing the inserts and using the transcripts as guide RNAs to destroy the genome of the cognate virus or plasmid. This RNA interference-like immune response is mediated by numerous, highly diverse Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins, sev

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Regulation of CRISPR-Based Immune Responses,s phage and (conjugative) plasmids. However, under some conditions, cells may experience a selective advantage if they avoid energy investment in CRISPR defense, for example, if they contain additional defense systems (e.g., R-M systems, phage exclusion systems) that provide sufficient protection. T

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Type II: ,,n identified in this species, but only two have been demonstrated to be significantly active, i.e., new spacers can be naturally acquired following exposure to viruses and plasmids. CRISPR-Cas and CRISPR-Cas are classified as type II systems and are recognized by the presence of the signature gene .

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,CRISPR-Cas Systems to Probe Ecological Diversity and Host–Viral Interactions, as plasmids, viruses, or transposons. Consequently, host CRISPR loci have the potential to provide time-resolved information about exposure to foreign genetic elements as well as fine-scale ecological diversity. Furthermore, viral genomes can mutate rapidly, allowing viruses to circumvent the host