Titlebook: Breastfeeding and Metabolic Programming; Özlem Naciye Şahin,Despina D. Briana,Gian Carlo Di Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th

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Breast Milk Oligosaccharidesthat found in the majority of mammalian species by virtue of the rich mixture of oligosaccharides (at least 150 different types) that it contains at high levels. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in mature human milk are even more abundant than milk proteins. They are usually present at a concentra

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Renal Physiology of Pregnancyhysiology. Every component of kidney physiology is modified by pregnancy. It is a physiological marvel that these alterations can be orchestrated. Significant volume expansion and vasodilation characterize kidney and systemic hemodynamics. Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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Programming Molecules in Early Lifech has shown [1, 2]. Furthermore, being bottle fed or starting supplementary formula milk at an early stage may result in obesity as a child and adult [3, 4]. This research also indicates that the mother’s diet plays a role in how metabolism is programmed in her offspring. Children who consume a die

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The Part Breast Milk Plays in Epigenetic ProgrammingWeaning is the stage of moving onto an adult diet. Evolutionary pressures in mammals have led to milk which performs many complex functions, displays dynamic characteristics and enables molecular signalling to occur. Thus, breast milk can optimally support the infant’s growth needs [1]. The nutritio

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The Metabolome of Breast Milk and Its Potential Long-Term Effects on the Childrequirements of the rapidly growing and developing infant up to the age of 6 months [1]. In accordance with this view, the recommendations from both the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) are for infants up to the age of 6 months to receive exclusively br

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The Infant–Mother Molecular Conversation Involving Breast Milk mRNA end of breastfeeding. In utero, signals pass via the placenta, whilst postpartum signalling occurs via milk to the gut. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are brief unpaired sequences of RNA, around 22 nucleotides in total, which feature in many aspects of normal physiology and development. This chapter looks at t

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Genetic Causes of Obesity and Bioactive Substanceseveloping countries [1, 2]. Unless the current trend alters, it appears that, by the year 2030, there will be 1.12bn obese people globally, representing one in five of the world’s population, whilst 2.16bn people will be overweight, a further 38% of all humans on Earth [2, 3]. There are genetic fact

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Epigenetic Causes of Obesitystigative techniques, including linkage analysis, genome-wide association studies and large-scale sequencing of either the entire genome or the exon-containing component, a large number of genes have been implicated in the processes predisposing to severe obesity [1, 2]. At present, the number of lo

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Gestational Diabetes and Variety in the Composition of Breast Milk. The effects that abnormal maternal metabolism may have on the newborn and infant in terms of nutrition supplied and effects on metabolic programming are important subjects for research since it is already known that individuals born to women with either gestational or pre-existing diabetes mellitu