Titlebook: Bone Toxicology; Susan Y. Smith,Aurore Varela,Rana Samadfam Book 2017 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Bone Pharmacology.Bone Phy

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69773-9rine studies that investigate how probiotic supplementation can increase bone mineral density in “healthy” individuals and protect against the pathological bone loss associated with menopausal estrogen deficiency. Finally, we highlight the advances made in unearthing the mechanisms that potentially lead to these observed beneficial effects.

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Bone Physiology and Biologyst commonly used species in the study of bone metabolic disorders. Other large animals like dogs, sheep, mini-pigs, or rabbits which are being successfully used to study orthopedic conditions (implant ingrowth, fracture healing, and bone augmentation) have not been addressed in this chapter.

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Biomechanicschanical testing procedures for achieving functional outcome measures are outlined in this chapter. Test modes and measurements that will be described are related to compressive, bending, torsion, and shear properties of bone.

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Bone and the Central Nervous Systemnt understanding of the central regulation of bone homeostasis. Herein, we will discuss the contribution of central peptides, and other peptides such as leptin, and semaphorins and involvement of the brain in regulation of bone metabolism.

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Specific Considerations for Bone Evaluations for Pediatric Therapeuticsan also be incorporated in clinical trials. These techniques along with routine toxicology endpoints, growth measurements, and ex vivo techniques, such as histomorphometry and biomechanical testing, can be incorporated into juvenile toxicology studies, each of which is designed on a case-by-case bas

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Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover drug development or to monitor temporal changes in a chronic setting. When combined with additional (in vivo) end-points such as calcium and phosphorus measures, analysis of the calciotropic hormones, fibroblast growth factor 23, insulin-like growth factor-1, and bone densitometry, they provide imp