Titlebook: Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle; Vasoconstriction and Yuansheng Gao Book 2022Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(

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Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik,l and thus is endowed with a broad range of capacities in the regulation of various vascular activities. It acts as a selective barrier to regulate the movement of small and macromolecules through the paracellular and transcellular routes. Thus, the endothelium exerts important effects on the exchan

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Ralf Dewenter,Ulrich Heimeshoffting membrane potentials of VSM cells, although being mainly determined by the equilibrium potential of K., are markedly affected by a high concentration of intracellular Cl.. The changes in membrane potentials associated with vasoconstriction are often graded depolarization rather than action poten

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16249-8d actin. The conformational changes of myosin head after bound to actin transfer the chemical energy stored in ATP into the force or tension through the swing of myosin head on the actin filaments. The specific myosin heavy chain isoforms are the key determinants of the unique characteristics of cro

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-69390-2tissues and metabolic wastes are timely removed. Many metabolic factors may participate in the regulation of vascular activity such as local Po., Pco. pH, K., adenosine, and lactate. These metabolic factors affect vasoactivity either by directly acting on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and/or

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-69390-2layer termed shear stress and a force perpendicular to the vessel wall resulting from blood pressure termed tensile stress. Shear stress can be sensed by mechanosensory complex formed by vascular endothelial VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and platelet/endothelial cell ad