Titlebook: Beams; The Story of Particl Volker Ziemann Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer N

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Epilogue,This chapter summarizes the standard model of elementary particles and points out a number of open questions, among them what dark matter of dark energy are. This suggests that there is a lot of ‘figuring out’ to do.

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CERN and the Taming of the Zoo,ynchrotrons. They significantly extend their energy range and find the muon neutrino, weak neutral currents, and an asymmetry between matter and antimatter. The quark model emerges as the ordering scheme behind the "zoo" and predicts the Omega-minus particle, which is subsequently discovered in the AGS. But why are free quarks never observed?

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A Monster Encounters Quarks,clei and then to look deep inside protons, where partons were discovered that were later identified as the quarks. Quantum chromodynamics emerges as a theory for the strong nuclear force that even explains why quarks are quasi-free inside protons, but can never escape individually.

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Richard P. Cincotta,Larry J. Gorenfloing. By focusing on the press conference at CERN where the discovery of the Higgs boson was announced, the link between the figuring (Higgs boson as last puzzle bit of the standard model) and the instruments (the large hadron collider and the detectors) is firmly established. The way physics works i

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Richard P. Cincotta,Larry J. Gorenfloes that behave “strangely” are found in cosmic rays. The strong nuclear force and the weak interaction emerge as two fundamental forces besides electromagnetic forces and gravity. The strong force is responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei, whereas the weak interaction causes the spontaneous

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Haldane and Population Structure,s cyclotrons. They are used to produce new elements and isotopes, such as technetium, tritium, and carbon-14. Especially cyclotrons are instrumental in treating cancer patients and producing material for atomic bombs. After the invention of phase focusing much higher energy became accessible, making

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