Titlebook: Airway Diseases; Cemal Cingi,Arzu Yorgancıoğlu,Alvaro A. Cruz Reference work 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 ENT.Pulmonology.Uppe

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Environmental Exposures: Smoke and Nicotine the World Health Organization data, more than eight million people die annually from diseases caused by tobacco and tobacco products, and one million of those who die are not active smokers. Today, one billion adults in the world smoke; it is inevitable that other adults and children who do not smo

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Imaging of the Oral Cavity and the Oropharynxent of the lesion, detection of lymphadenopathy, design of the proper treatment, and follow-up after treatment. Approximately 90% of the tumors of the oropharynx and the oral cavity are squamous cell carcinomas. Diagnosis of mucosal lesions by clinical examination is usually straightforward; however

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Imaging of the Hypopharynx and Larynxxtension of mucosal lesions or diagnosis of submucosal lesions cannot be reliably performed by clinical evaluation alone. Radiological imaging using computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be used as complementary to clinical examination for diagnosis and further eval

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Communication with Patients in Respiratory Distresse communication with its problems is even more difficult. It is even more challenging to communicate with a patient who is worried about death, can hardly breathe, or even can breathe with a ventilator [1]. Communication is a critical component of patient-centered care. Critically ill, mechanically

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Nasal Obstruction While some specialists use the term “nasal obstruction” only when the nose has something physically blocking it, in general use it refers to the symptom of feeling that air cannot pass adequately through the nose [1]. Feeling that the nose is blocked can be the main complaint of patients suffering

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Embryological and Postnatal Development of the Airwayse is already evidence of muscular, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue development. Each of these structures needs to develop in a precise sequence if the numerous congenital defects that affect this region are not to occur. Among other anomalies that may occur, choanal atresia, nasal clefts (medial o