Titlebook: Atlas of Echocardiography in Pediatrics and Congenital Heart Diseases; Maryam Moradian,Azin Alizadehasl Book 2021 Springer-Verlag GmbH Ger

拖债

危险

The Program: From the Outside Looking In,by echocardiography even during fetal life. Presence of interatrial communication and its size, ventricular septal defect, relation of great arteries, and pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary hypertension are important echocardiographic features that should be evaluated.

技术

https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-335-3Try to evaluate different locations of VSDs by using different echo windows. Assess the nearby structures, especially aortic valve for prolaptic cusp which its ignorance may lead to serious consequences though VSD itself may seem a simple disease. Use color flow mapping to find tiny VSDs.

改革运动

Definition of a General Model: ExampleUse suprasternal, high parasternal, and parasternal short axis views for direct visualization of PDA, and evaluation of blood flow through it. Pay attention to echocardiographic features of significant left to right shunt, left chambers enlargement.

吹气

evince

压倒

Definition of a General Model: ExampleDilatation of the origin of one coronary artery while the other is normal size along with dilation of left cardiac chambers should rise the suspicion of presence of large coronary artery fistula. Following the course of fistula by color Doppler interrogation help to find the receiving chamber which would be dilated as well.

EXUDE

https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-335-3Severe aortic regurgitation during infancy should rise the suspicion of aortic-left ventricular tunnel. Adding Color flow Doppler on two dimensional echocardiography will show non-valvular aortic regurgitation through aortic -left ventricular tunnel. Differentiating from rupture of Valsalva sinus is also challenging.

Hallmark

Fibroid

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0614-9Combination of Dextroposition of heart, hypoplasia of right pulmonary artery, blunted right border of left atrium in crab view due to anomalous connection of right pulmonary vein(s) to inferior vena cava is called Scimitar syndrome. Subcostal echocardiographic views are extremely useful to find abnormal venous connection in this anomaly.