Titlebook: Anesthesiology and Pain Management; T. H. Stanley,M. A. Ashburn Book 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1994 Opioid.analgesics

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Spinal Cord Neuronal Plasticity: Mechanisms of Persistent Pain Following Tissue Damage and Nerve Inten innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful. Similarly, nerve injury produced by trauma or metabolic disease can give rise to hyperalgesia. Until recently, it was thought that the increase in pain was due to changes at the site of injury. It is now becoming clear that the increase in pain also in

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Pain Research and Basic Science: Pain and the Sympathetic Nervous System,he sympathetic nervous system (SNS) during initiation, propagation or maintenance of nociception and neuropathic pain, especially on a chronic basis. It is not surprising, then, that indications and rates of success for specific therapies are equally vague.

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Local Anesthesia Toxicity,ar injection or with excessive doses injected intrathecally. Additionally, other adverse effects occur with certain agents, e.g., allergic reactions to the amino-esters, and methemoglobinemia with high doses of prilocaine.

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Effect of Postoperative Pain on Surgical Stress Response,ced reflex responses may adversely influence respiratory function, increase cardiac demands, decrease intestinal motility and initiate skeletal muscle spasm. Therefore, there is a common belief that alleviation of acute pain may also reduce the surgical stress response and improve outcome.

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Postoperative Pain Assessment and Choice of Methods of Treatment,luate pain and thereby gauge the success or failure of a particular treatment plan. These include subjective reports from patients, both qualitative and quantitative, as well as objective observations by the pain therapist, including the effect of therapy on important functions such as the ability t

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Problems in the Management of Postoperative Pain,growing number of reports are demonstrating that effective pain relief is associated with a reduced risk of certain postoperative complications, earlier mobilization, shortened hospital stay, and reduced costs. Regrettably, an examination of both older and more recent studies shows that major defici

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Patient Controlled Analgesia (Part II): an Update on Clinical Usage, reports describing inadequate use of analgesics in the treatment of acute pain. Despite advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of pain and the pharmacology of analgesic drugs, as well as availability of more effective techniques for postoperative pain control, many patients do not receive