Titlebook: Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health; Amino acids in syste Guoyao Wu Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclus

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Impacts of Amino Acids on the Intestinal Defensive System, including intestinal microbiota, epithelial layer and lamina propria. Various factors (e.g., nutrients) affect the intestinal defensive system and progression of intestinal diseases. This review highlights the current understanding about the role of amino acids (AAs) in protecting the intestine fro

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Maternal Nutrient Restriction and Skeletal Muscle Development: Consequences for Postnatal Health,ntries. The occurrence of nutrient restriction (NR) during pregnancy affects fetal growth, leading to small for gestational age (SGA) or intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) offspring. During adulthood, SGA and IUGR offspring are at a higher risk for the development of metabolic syndrome. Skeletal

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Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Brain and Their Roles in Regulating Food Intake,ut are also neurotransmitters. In the brain, glutamate and aspartate are the major excitatory neurotransmitters, whereas γ-aminobutyrate (GABA, a metabolite of glutamate) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide (NO, a metabolite of arginine), H.S (a metabolite of cystein

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Metabolism and Functions of Amino Acids in the Skin,ing and wrinkled skin are features of chronic sun-damaged and aged uncared skin, and they are mainly associated with the deterioration of collagen and elastic fibers. The maintenance of skin structures by self-repair processes is essential to skin health. Thus, amino acids significantly impact the a

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Metabolism and Functions of Amino Acids in Sense Organs,pment, learning, and adaptation of humans and other animals (including fish). Amino acids (AAs) play an important role in the growth, development, and functions of the sense organs. Recent work has identified receptor-mediated mechanisms responsible for the chemosensory transduction of five basic ta

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Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver: Nutritional and Physiological Significance,cattle and sheep). The liver exhibits metabolic zonation and intracellular compartmentation for ureagenesis, uric acid synthesis, and gluconeogenesis, as well as AA degradation and syntheses. Capitalizing on these extensive bases of knowledge, dietary supplementation with functional AAs (e.g., methi

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Amino Acids in Circulatory Function and Health,ion of lipids within the arterial wall. They also mitigate known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. However, in some instances, the metabolism of these amino acids through discrete pathways yields compounds that fosters vascular di

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Amino Acid Metabolism in the Kidneys: Nutritional and Physiological Significance,ipate in creatine synthesis. Renal dysfunction adversely alters the concentrations of AAs in blood, while promoting muscle protein breakdown, inflammation, mitochondrial abnormalities, defects in the immune response, and cardiovascular diseases. Moderation of dietary AA intake has a protective and t