Titlebook: Algorithms: Main Ideas and Applications; Vladimir Uspensky,Alexei Semenov Book 1993 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1993 Notation.alg

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The concept of a program; programs as objects of computation and generationp. 1.2 and chap. 1.4) exist and can in their turn be considered as objects for algorithmic transformations or generation. This discovery was made by Turing in [Tu 36]. In this chapter we discuss the notions of a “programming system” (or a “method of programming”) and a “program” arising in this conn

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Klassische Astronomie. Das Planetensystem,f introducing new concepts and refining old ones. A.Maltsev wrote in this connection: “A system of concepts and a language are not something external for a mathematical theory but constitute an essential part of it” [Mal 66, p.72].

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Kosmologie: Der Kosmos als Ganzeserating model is called . if for any calculus generating a subset of . there exists a calculus of this model generating the same subset.) The notion of a generating model appears in the same way as the notion of a computational model.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00491-3a formal explication of the notion of algorithm (or, better to say, computable function) — therefore the notion of algorithm was considered as existing independently of (and before) these constructions.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06529-7obably the earliest examples of calculuses in a real world. Of course when we consider a game as a calculus we ignore completely its competitive nature and are interested only in its “juridical” aspects — in the possibility to make moves according to certain rules.