Titlebook: What Is a Human?; Language, Mind, and James Paul Gee Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to

比赛用背带

TOXIC

Doubling FetishesThis chapter introduces the notion of a doubling fetish by discussing how in human evolutionary and cultural history the shaman arose and made a fetish of his own body to help his or her community survive in a harsh world amid fears of spirits and death. The chapter argues that the shaman is the origin of religion.

庄严

The ImaginariumThis chapter discusses the nature of human memory as more future oriented than focused on the past. This leads to a discussion of the human ability to mentally travel in space and time and to imagine things that do not exist, worry about them, and then try to protect themselves from them.

Immunoglobulin

The Conscious BrainUsing recent work on neuroscience, this chapter discusses the nature and limitations of the conscious parts of the human brain. It stresses the role of interpretation, stories, fabulation, and self-deception in how the conscious brain works given that so much of what goes on in the brain and body is not open to consciousness.

载货清单

fluoroscopy

LanguageThis chapter discusses the nature of human language and the fetish-like beliefs humans have about language. The two fetish beliefs discussed are the belief that meaning is inside the head and that language is a picture of reality.

表被动

Stress and the StateThis chapter discusses the role of stress and anxiety in human life and the human need to belong to groups. It connects these two things to the role of the state in creating co-citizenship as a form of social belonging. It argues, as well, that the state is a fetish.

性行为放纵者

发出眩目光芒

Conclusion to Part IIThis chapter offers a brief 12-point summary of the major claims of Part II of this book. Here I stress enchantment, the human need for magic and transcendence of the mundane world, as well as the fear of death and destruction that the mundane gives rise to in humans.

摇曳的微光

Messages from the DeadThis chapter discusses gifts from the dead, things like Stonehenge, cave paintings, and the voices of long-lost poets. It is an attempt to come to terms with the humanities as something more than “high culture” trapped in schools or pleas that humans are next to angels.