Overview: Helps integrate standards, instruction, formative assessment, and accountability measures.Builds on principles of evidence-centered assessment design.Provides links to interactive, online versions of .This Springer Brief provides theory, practical guidance, and support tools to help designers create complex, valid assessment tasks for hard-to-measure, yet crucial, science education standards. Understanding, exploring, and interacting with the world through models characterizes science in all its branches and at all levels of education. Model-based reasoning is central to science educ
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