Titlebook: Vision, Reading Difficulties, and Visual Stress; Arnold J. Wilkins,Bruce J. W. Evans Book 20222nd edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) an

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Refractive Errors and Ocular Health,y, and ocular pathology are not correlates of developmental reading difficulties. However, refractive errors are common and can affect the ability to resolve detail, and therefore can contribute to reading difficulties in some cases.

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Eye Movements, Dominant Eye, Behavioral Optometry, Balance and Cerebro-Vestibular Treatments,ioural optometry, and cerebello-vestibular (balance) training. There are some followers for each of these methods, but it is concluded the evidence does not support the widespread adoption of these approaches.

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The Magnocellular-Dorsal (M-D) Deficit and Associated Theories,f dyslexia, but the evidence that the deficit plays a causal role in reading difficulty is less compelling. The M-D hypothesis is linked to impaired visuospatial attention in reading difficulty, and to difficulties in processing crowded contours. Preliminary evidence concerning the treatment of these deficits with action video games is discussed.

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,Coloured Filters—Early Studies,an individual basis. The two new systems developed to use this technology in the 1980s for precision tinted lenses are described, together with associated developments in the Intuitive Colorimeter system, Intuitive Overlays, and Wilkins Rate of Reading Test.

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How do Coloured Filters Work?,cular vision anomalies, magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) deficit, and pattern glare/cortical hyperexcitability. It is concluded that the most likely mechanism is cortical and involves a hyperexcitability of neural tissue, triggered by a form of pattern glare.

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lines.Highlights how interventions can be applied in clinicaThis book provides an overview of the research surrounding the relevance of visual factors for those who struggle with reading. Visual interventions that have been advocated as helping with reading include spectacles that simply correct ref