Titlebook: Vegetation history; B. Huntley,T. Webb Book 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers 1988 Polle.Vegetation.climate.climate change.environment.flora

Lineage

Europewas the expression of the work of many observers among whom Agassiz, Lyell and Buckland were prominent (reviews in Flint, 1971; Imbrie and Imbrie, 1979). The refinement that the glacial period consisted of multiple glaciations separated by periods of warm ‘interglacial’ climate followed very quickly

远足

North America glacial-nonglacial fluctuations inferred from proxy climate data in the last approximately 2.4 My (Shackleton ., 1984). The nature of continental environments during these climatic changes is comparatively unknown. With rare exceptions, such as the 3.5 My vegetational history from Colombia, South A

转向

Australasiauinea which, geologically, can be identified as having formed part of Gondwana (Audley-Charles, 1981). This definition corresponds broadly with Wallace’s zoogeographical region, Australia (Tivy, 1971). A map of the region incorporating the geological and Wallace’s boundaries appears as Fig. 1. Inclu

Concrete

South Americatic area. The Neotropical flora has, generally speaking, relations with other tropical areas of the world, but developed in relative isolation since the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary. The Austral-antarctic floral area has strong southern hemisphere relations, e.g. with New Zealand and Australia

Corral

Europed its environment, natural and anthropogenic. Subsequent research lead to publication of hundreds of pollen diagrams from late-glacial and post-glacial deposits, and many authors have previously synthesised parts of these data on a regional or national basis using various forms of data-representatio

seruting

Eastern North Americagitude and latitude and whose vertical axis is time (Fig. 1 in Grimm, this volume). Paleoecological studies based on pollen data allow ecologists to peer beneath this surface and see how the changing location, abundance, and association of the individual taxa have produced different plant assemblage

小隔间

串通

saphenous-vein

The Arcticistic data (e.g. Hultén, 1937). Auer (1927) in Europe, Wenner (1947) in Labrador, and Iversen (1952–3) in Greenland were among the first palaeoecologists to test biogeographic hypotheses in the Arctic, concerning themselves, for example, with the location and character of postulated plant-refugia, a

miniature

New Zealandart of the globe outside of this zone — and in particular outside of western Europe and eastern and mid-western North America — will be interpreted in terms of that region. It is therefore important to note that New Zealand, although it lies within equivalent latitudes to the northern temperate zone