Titlebook: Understanding Land Degradation; An Overview Stanley Weeraratna Book 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl

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he second-order correlation function can be measured from the correlation of light intensity at two separate times as a function of temporal distance, and the experiment was first conducted by Hanbury-Brown and Twiss. The second-order correlation function includes the information of the quantum prop

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Stanley Weeraratnametastable He has been condensed [7]. The list of BEC atoms now includes molecular systems such as Rb. [8], Li2 [9] and Cs2 [10]. In order to cool the atoms to the required temperature (~200 nK) and densities (10.–10. cm.) for the observation of BEC a combination of optical cooling and evaporative c

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Stanley Weeraratnadetected atoms is shown in Fig. 17.2. Other experiments have separated the atomic paths using gratings [17.3] or a splitting due to a coherent transition between two internal states [17.4–6]. Laser cooling of the atoms may be employed to increase the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms [17.4, 7]. In

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Stanley Weeraratna976)). Such point of view is related to the use of standard two beam interferometers detecting single photons. Moreover Dirac assumed an ideal case of maximum visibility interference fringes. The observation of interference pattern is related, from the point of view of quantum theory, to uncertainti

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f coherent phonons in the gain medium and photons in a cavity or even chaotic behavior. Furthermore, we identify a range of Fröhlich constant and pump rate values where multiple stable dynamical regimes coexist. In such cases, the laser’s dynamics are uniquely determined by the initial conditions.

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2211-4165 anners as well as students of agriculture. Environmentalists would also benefit by understanding the main issues related to land degradation discussed. .978-3-031-12137-1978-3-031-12138-8Series ISSN 2211-4165 Series E-ISSN 2211-4173

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Effects of Land Degradation,ely US$70 per person per year. In addition to the decrease in land productivity, floods and droughts, increase in poverty and lowered food security are effects of land degradation. Increase in poverty tends to affect the health, education and standard of living of millions of people mainly in Asia and Africa.