书目名称 | Unconventional Warfare from Antiquity to the Present Day | 编辑 | Brian Hughes,Fergus Robson | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/942/941227/941227.mp4 | 概述 | Addresses the issue of unconventional warfare in a range of historical periods and places, from a variety of analytic perspectives.Provides unique insights into the practices, experiences, and discour | 图书封面 |  | 描述 | .This volume addresses the problem of small, irregular, and unconventional war across time and around the globe. The use of non-uniformed and often civilian combatants, with tactics eschewing pitched battles, is the most common form of warfare throughout history and comes in many forms... The collection works back in time beginning with the ‘Long War’ in present day Afghanistan and concluding with warfare in classical Greece. Along the way it engages with conflicts as diverse as the American Civil War and regional rebellion in Tudor England. Each case study provides unique insights into the practices, experiences, and discourses that have shaped this ubiquitous type of conflict... Readers interested in rebellion and repression, cultural and tactical interpretations of conflict, civilian strategies in wartime, the supposed ‘western way of war’, and the ways in which participants have framed and related their actions across a variety of spheres will find much ofinterest in these pages.. | 出版日期 | Book 2017 | 关键词 | History of conflict; Social history; Armies; Cultural history; Revolt; guerrilla warfare; terrorism; twenti | 版次 | 1 | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49526-2 | isbn_softcover | 978-3-319-84180-9 | isbn_ebook | 978-3-319-49526-2 | copyright | The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl |
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Front Matter |
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,Introduction: Guerrillas and Counterinsurgency in History, |
Brian Hughes,Fergus Robson |
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The introduction outlines the key themes and issues explored in the volume and places the individual chapters in comparative and conceptual context. The editors of the volume discuss some of the key historiographical trends in the treatment of unconventional warfare, pointing to the often limited comparative treatment of much work on the subject. The wide temporal and geographical coverage offered demonstrates the value of examining the phenomenon of unconventional or irregular fighters across history, and highlights the perspectives that can be advanced through interdisciplinary approaches. The introduction draws attention to continuities and evolution as well as divergence and change in the practice and the discourse of modes of warfare. The editors explore one of the thorniest issues faced by scholars of warfare, past and present, terminological entanglement in description and analysis of small war and its practitioners. They make clear that examining warfare over long periods of time provides important insights and correctives to modern assumptions, while demonstrating that the challenges raised can be overcome with careful analysis.
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Gender and ‘Population-centric’ Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan |
Julia Welland |
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This chapter explores how gender was rendered visible during the recent counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan, as well as informed dominant understandings of the military intervention. The chapter begins by pointing to the particular type of militarized masculinity required for conducting the ‘hearts and minds’ warfare of counterinsurgency: a ‘softer’ and ‘gentler’ soldier, distinct both from its previous warrior incarnations, and from the masculinities it fights and fights alongside. Secondly, the chapter reveals how the conduct of counterinsurgency requires a greater visibility of femininity, both physically in the bodies of women soldiers, and conceptually through the demonstration of ‘feminine’ emotions. This re-scripted militarized masculinity and visible femininity was central to the claims that the intervention in Afghanistan was one in which the population’s needs came first.
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‘The Best , Hunter is the French of North African Descent’: , in French Algeria |
Raphaëlle Branche |
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To definitively crush the nationalist . from the National Liberation Front, France chose to recruit Algerian men within its ranks, mainly as .. The recourse to this manpower was based on the assumption that they could be used for their knowledge of their community as well as for their specific methods of violence, adapted to a war waged against natives..Although these men became more and more important, strategically and psychologically, for the French, they were only given the status of auxiliary forces. Therefore, at the end of the war, the vast majority of them stayed in Algeria where they were not granted a safe life. They suffered from the national rhetoric built by the new Algeria, a rhetoric based on the opposition between the ‘people’ and the ‘traitors’.
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‘Black-and-Tan Tendencies’: Policing Insurgency in the Palestine Mandate, 1922–48 |
Seán William Gannon |
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In April 1922 more than 700 disbanded members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and its Auxiliary Division were transferred by the Colonial Office to the British Palestine Mandate. Focusing on the British sections of the Palestine Gendarmerie and the Palestine Police, Gannon examines the policing of insurgency in the Palestine Mandate, critiquing the commonplace view that the brutality that at times defined police counterinsurgency in the territory was the result of poor-quality recruitment, or the importation of a ‘Black and Tan’ ethos from Ireland. Drawing parallels with the Royal Irish Constabulary’s counterinsurgency during the Irish Revolution, Gannon argues instead that the ‘Black and Tannery’ which became a feature of the British police response to the Arab Revolt of 1936–39, and the subsequent Zionist insurgency, was a function of their inability to meet the challenges of the ‘small wars’ into which they were thrust, providing evidence for the primacy of situational factors in shaping cultures of colonial police violence.
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‘The Entire Population of this God-forsaken Island is Terrorised by a Small Band of Gun-men’: Guerri |
Brian Hughes |
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This chapter will explore the attempts of the guerrilla Irish Republican Army (IRA) to discourage, stifle, and punish dissent among the civilian population, and the actions by which dissent was expressed or implied. An examination of low-level, ‘everyday’ (and mostly non-violent) acts of defiance and punishment will show that civilian interaction with the IRA was far more fluid than is usually allowed. While the ‘everyday’ acts of resistance discussed here could be inconsequential in isolation, their cumulative effect was important. Similarly, interaction with Crown forces that would have been unremarkable outside of war brought civilians under the suspicion of local IRA units. To achieve hegemony over local populations, guerrillas had to punish even small acts of dissent and ensure that they were not repeated. It will be seen that the nature of this punishment was dictated by the perceived seriousness of the offence and, more importantly, by local conditions..While the assumption that the IRA relied on the support, either active or passive, of the general population is to a large extent true, it oversimplifies or misses many of the complexities inherent in the local relationships
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American Civil War Guerrillas |
Daniel E. Sutherland |
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The irregular conflict that formed part of America’s Civil War (1861–65) became a surprisingly volatile and complex struggle. It also played a crucial role in deciding the outcome of that war. Both the Union and Confederacy used guerrillas, but rebel irregulars eventually proved to be more hindrance than help to their side. Their insistence on independent operations frustrated the Confederate government, and their ruthless attacks on both Union soldiers and pro-Union civilians drew a harsh response from the Federals. As combatants and non-combatants on both sides became trapped in a vicious cycle of retaliation and counter-retaliation, and as some guerrilla bands turned to simple outlawry, Confederate citizens lost faith in their irregular fighters and, not coincidentally, abandoned their nation’s cause.
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Insurgent Identities, Destructive Discourses, and Militarized Massacre: French Armies on the Warpath |
Fergus Robson |
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This chapter examines discourses and practices around the repression of insurrection in the Vendée, Italy, and Egypt between 1793 and 1801. It demonstrates that soldiers’ responses differed little despite the variation in place and the insurgents’ identities. The crucial factor in the repressive violence employed was instead that civilian populations had taken up arms to resist the armies of the Revolution. In doing so they were considered to have placed themselves outside the norms of warfare and to have negated their right to be treated as either non-combatants or enemy soldiers. This placed them and their communities in a grey area which facilitated atrocity and massacre. The dehumanizing language used and the experience of escalating irregular conflict, whether peasant insurrection, urban uprising, endemic banditry, or a fusion of the three, informed and legitimized extreme violence against entire communities and even regions. It is also argued that this type of militarized massacre is one of the most important but under-appreciated legacies of the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Lords of the Forests in Flanders: Small War by Freebooters and the Dutch Contributions System in Fla |
Tim Piceu |
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The successful Spanish . of the major rebellious cities in Flanders and Brabant (1584–85) by Alexander Farnese did not bring peace to these provinces. Based in frontier towns such as Ostend and Sluis, which were held by the Dutch, the so-called . (freebooters) penetrated deep into Flanders and Brabant to wage guerrilla warfare. This chapter investigates who the freebooters were, it describes their actions and their impact on life and the economy in the front region, and it discusses the – largely unsuccessful – stratagems developed by both the Spanish and the Dutch to control this very fluid aspect of early modern warfare. It is shown how freebooters suddenly disappeared from the war scene early in the 1590s to be replaced by a full-fledged contributions system run by Dutch civil servants. This contributions system changed life and power relations in the front region and beyond and altered the course of the conventional war leading up to the battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) and the siege of Ostend (1601–1604).
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‘A Great Company of Country Clowns’: Guerrilla Warfare in the East Anglian and Western Rebellions (1 |
Alexander Hodgkins |
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This chapter offers a much-needed reassessment of the 1549 ‘Commotion Time’, which considers the summer’s major revolts in Norfolk, Devon, and Cornwall as military events rather than civil policing actions. The chapter uses narrative accounts, correspondence, and official documents to challenge the long-standing view that poor-quality rebel bands posed little threat to loyalist armies. Instead, Hodgkins suggests that insurgents combined locally available military resources with irregular assets to good effect in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The chapter also examines the rebels’ use of guerrilla strategy and tactics to oppose, and sometimes defeat, loyalist forces, and evaluates the means by which the risings were suppressed.
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Good King Robert’s Testament?: Guerrilla Warfare in Later Medieval Scotland |
Alastair J. Macdonald |
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This article suggests that the concept of unconventional warfare in later medieval Scotland has been understood in three ways: by accepting that Robert I developed and passed on a template for successful war against England that stressed ‘guerrilla’ techniques; that there was a clear divide between this sort of guerrilla war and the conventional military practice of their English enemies; and that these divergences can be explained by a transcultural model stressing the ethnic and linguistic differences between Scottish and English forces. These conceptions are explored with reference to core aspects of military behaviour and found in all three cases to have limited explanatory value. This in turn leads to consideration of whether a distinction between conventional and unconventional warfare is actually a useful one in relation to pre-modern military practice.
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Guerilla Warfare and Revolt in Second Century Bc Egypt |
Brian McGing |
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Ancient empires, whether Greek or Roman, have tended to receive a good press from classical scholars (who mostly come from countries with an imperial past). Any admiration we may have for the Ptolemaic regime in Egypt was clearly not shared by many of the native inhabitants, who revolted regularly throughout Ptolemaic history for a variety of disputed reasons. The best known of these revolts, the Great Revolt of the Thebaid, lasted for some twenty years (207–186 .). It is usually presented as a war, with rebel forces confronting government forces, winning and losing territory. But in the first description of guerilla warfare that we have from the ancient world, Polybius (14.12) points the way to a different interpretation of what happened. The situation in Ireland from 1918 to 1922 also suggests different lines of investigation.
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Unorthodox Warfare? Variety and Change in Archaic Greek Warfare (ca. 700–ca. 480 BCE) |
Matthew Lloyd |
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Studies of Archaic Greek warfare have unerringly focused on the heavily armed ‘hoplite’ warrior who, according to ‘orthodox’ scholarship, fought in close-order phalanx formation. Lloyd builds upon the ‘unorthodox’ scholarship of the last few decades that has risen to dismantle the evidential basis for this orthodoxy in order to construct a better understanding of the regional variety and change in Archaic Greek warfare. He shows how the period’s literature, including Homer’s . and . as well as lyric poets such as Archilochus and Tyrtaeus, and archaeology, including Greek vase painting, show that ambush and smaller-scale warfare were more prominent than has traditionally been acknowledged. Lloyd argues that Greek warfare was varied and dynamic, not the origin of a moralistic ‘Western Way of War’.
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Back Matter |
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