| 书目名称 | The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements | | 副标题 | Design, Implementati | | 编辑 | Edoardo Croci | | 视频video | | | 概述 | A comprehensive economic theory of environmental voloutary agreements, which takes into account the variety of forms and application situations characterizing this environmental policy instrument.Prov | | 丛书名称 | Environment & Policy | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | EDOARDOCROCI IEFE - Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy Voluntary approaches in environmental policy represent a “third wave” of regulation in the environmental field. “Command and control” was the first wave. Its core is based on uniform emission standards, the respect of which needs to be enforced through extensive monitoring and severe sanctions. The expected cost of sanction for non-compliance, calculated as its amount multiplied for the probability to be caught, must be superior to the benefits of non-compliance, in order to let the sanction be effective. As the benefits of non-compliance can vary among firms, sanctions need to be very high in order to be effective. In fact sanctions are ordinary correlated to environmental damage and not to the benefits of non-compliance. But very high sanctions can be difficult to enforce as they appear unfair and can lead to dramatic consequences on firms and workers, up to shut-downs of plants. Ambient standards reduce these problems, but oblige the regulator to know a huge amount of information, regarding the specific contribution of each polluter to the polluted body. Information is difficult to obtain because of asymmetric information and | | 出版日期 | Book 2005 | | 关键词 | Conservation; Environmental agreements; Environmental economics; Environmental management; Environmental | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3356-7 | | isbn_softcover | 978-90-481-6843-9 | | isbn_ebook | 978-1-4020-3356-8Series ISSN 1383-5130 Series E-ISSN 2215-0110 | | issn_series | 1383-5130 | | copyright | Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2005 |
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发表于 2025-3-21 16:50:51
