Titlebook: Surgical Anatomy and Technique; A Pocket Manual John E. Skandalakis,Lee John Skandalakis,Panajioti Book 20002nd edition Springer Science+Bu

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Skin, Scalp, and Nail,The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis (superficial) and the dermis (under the epidermis). The thickness of the skin varies from 0.5–3.0 mm.

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Myelin

Esophagus,The esophagus is about 25 cm in length. The most useful reference point is the upper incisors, which are about 15 cm above the pharyngoesophageal junction; if the external nares are included, 2–3 cm must be added. In defining the esophagus, it is adequate to divide it into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal segments.

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Pancreas,The pancreas lies transversely in the retroperitoneal area between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left. It is related to the omental bursa above, the transverse mesocolon anteriorly, and the greater sac below, and it is a fixed organ.

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保守

Appendix,The cecum from which the appendix arises is related posteriorly to the iliopsoas muscle and the femoral nerve, and anteriorly to the abdominal wall, the greater omentum, or the coils of the ileum.

Parallel

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狂乱

Extrahepatic Biliary Tract,In general, the major blood vessels in the area of the extrahepatic biliary tree are posterior to the ducts, but in a number of cases they may lie anterior. The surgeon must recognize and preserve these arteries. Table 14.1 shows the frequency with which specific arteries are found anterior to segments of the biliary tract.

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