Titlebook: Studies in the Philosophy of Biology; Reduction and Relate Francisco Jose Ayala,Theodosius Dobzhansky Textbook 1974Latest edition Macmillan

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The Concept of Biological Progress,flects the common-sense impression that earthworms are in some sense lower than fish or birds, and the latter lower than man. The idea of a ‘ladder of life’ rising from amoeba to man is present, explicitly or implicitly, in all pre-evolutionary biology.

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Reductionism in Biology, we must make clear what we mean by the term ‘reductionism’, which is after all a word that has only recently come into general use in this connection. Thus it will be found that a great many writers who in fact discuss this topic deeply do not use the word at all.

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,‘Downward Causation’ in Hierarchically Organised Biological Systems,f Medawar, Edelman, and Monod, and in a final section to the presentations of Dobzhansky, Thorpe, Eccles, Birch, Rensch and Skolimowski. Beckner, Medawar, Edelman and Monod are among my fellow ‘reductionists’, in so far as there are any ‘reductionists’ present at this conference.

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同谋

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Evolutionary Theories after Lamarck and Darwin,Both Lamarck and Darwin made great contributions to the theory of evolution. Darwin’s hypothesis is well known, but that is not so for the ideas of Lamarck. Ever since Darwin there existed and there still exists a strong antagonism between the followers of the two main theories, which often seem to them mutually exclusive.

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Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science,The thesis from which I start* is that, for a conference convened by biologists, the outstanding questions of reduction are three: