| 书目名称 | Structure and Reactivity of Coal | | 副标题 | A Survey of Selected | | 编辑 | Ke-Chang Xie | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/881/880238/880238.mp4 | | 概述 | An English-language introduction to fundamental aspects of coal research in China.Provides a unique perspective on the fundamentals of coal science by linking the intrinsic properties of different typ | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This book provides insights into the development and usage of coal in chemical engineering. The reactivity of coal in processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, combustion and swelling is related to its structural properties. Using experimental findings and theoretical analysis, the book comprehensively answers three crucial issues that are fundamental to the optimization of coal chemical conversions: What is the structure of coal? How does the underlying structure determine the reactivity of different types of coal? How does the structure of coal alter during coal conversion? This book will be of interest to both individual readers and institutions involved in teaching and research into chemical engineering and energy conversion technologies. It is aimed at advanced- level undergraduate students. The text is suitable for readers with a basic knowledge of chemistry, such as first-year undergraduate general science students. Higher-level students with an in-depth understanding of the chemistry of coal will also benefit from the book. It will provide a useful reference resource for students and university-level teachers, as well as practicing engineers.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2015 | | 关键词 | Clean Coal Technology; Coal Chemistry; Fossil Fuel; Industrial Chemistry and Engineering; Resource Usage | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47337-5 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-662-51483-2 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-662-47337-5 | | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 |
| 1 |
Front Matter |
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Abstract
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| 2 |
,Geological Characteristics of Coal, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Coal is a complex and diverse material. It is important to consider the geological origins and history of coal as these considerations allow for the categorization of coal into various types. The classification of coal into various types is itself a valuable step towards using coal resources effectively. It is also essential for understanding the various aspects of coal structure and reactivity. In this chapter, we discuss the plant materials that are the precursors of coal in terms of their organic constituents. The chemical structures of plant sugars, proteins, lipids, and other organic components are related to their stabilities and the geochemical processes by which these organic raw materials are eventually converted into various types of coal. We review the basic generic types of coal in terms of precursor material, geochemical history and relate this to appearance and basic physical properties. We introduce the categorization concepts of coal maceral, rank, and lithotype. The qualities and factors that are used to determine coal type are discussed in terms of the distribution and type of coal resources in China. The chapter forms the necessary background to understanding the
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| 3 |
,Physical Characteristics of Coal, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
To understand the behavior of coal, characterizing and understanding its physical properties is of paramount importance. The bulk properties of coal, and in particular the mechanical and thermal properties, have a significant impact on the various processes that are discussed in later chapters. In addition, the microstructure and porosity of coal are intimately involved in the complex heterogeneous reactivity of coal. In this chapter, the physical structures and properties of various coal types are described in terms of the most commonly used physical characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, X-ray scattering, surface area, and porosity measurement techniques. Other physical properties of coal such as optical, electrical and magnetic properties can also offer insight into the chemical structure and composition of coal. The physical properties of coal, including the mechanical, electromagnetic, and optical properties, are related to structural models of coal. The bulk thermodynamic properties of coal combustion are also introduced. Finally, the use of computational methods to determine the physical properties of coal is discussed.
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| 4 |
,Chemical Characteristics of Coal, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
The physical properties of coal are closely linked to the chemical constituents and make up. These features are both strongly influenced by the geochemical history of the coal, and are important factors for determining how coal behaves under different types of reaction conditions. This chapter focuses on the study of coal from the perspective of understanding the chemical components that make up coal. The carbon-based materials and other elements that constitute various coal types are described. The operation of physical and chemical techniques used to determine chemical structure are also introduced, including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and elemental analysis and solvent extraction methods. The analysis of the results of methods and their interpretation with respect to the coal composition are discussed. This background is supplemented with real examples of the application of these methods to characterize various coal types. This chapter is intended to give the reader an overview of the origins of the compositional and chemical analysis techniques presented in later chapters.
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| 5 |
,Coal Pyrolysis Reactions, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Pyrolysis processes are among the most important of coal’s reactions and a necessary process for the production of coke used in multiple industries. Additionally, the study of pyrolysis processes gives insight into the structure and composition of different types of coal. Owing to the complexity of these chemical and physical decomposition processes, they remain poorly understood. In this chapter, we discuss some of the general physical and chemical models that are used to describe the changes that various types of coal undergo during thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. The distribution of chemical products, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of pyrolysis reactions are introduced and related to specific experimental methods and techniques. In this context, the findings of studies into various types of Chinese coal are presented. This includes discussion of the stages that occur at different pyrolysis temperatures and how the pyrolysis behavior is affected by coal type. The results we present are rationalized in terms of the structural properties of the coal.
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| 6 |
,Coal Gasification, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Coal gasification is an important industrial process for converting raw coal into more useful and cleaner carbon feedstocks for use in power generation and as precursors for other transformations. Coal gasification involves complex heterogeneous physical and chemical changes that occur between coal and gaseous reactants. These are extremely complex processes owing to structural differences within coal composites. Nevertheless a clearer understanding of such processes is fundamental to developing clean coal technologies and there is a global renewed interest in coal gasification, motivated by the need to reduce reliance on declining oil reserves. In this chapter, we discuss models that can be used to describe these processes and the experimental techniques that are used in their investigation. The efficiency of the coal gasification is shown to be affected by a variety of factors including the coal type, maceral, additional of catalytic agents and other pretreatments. We explore the relationships between coal composition structure and reactivity through a presentation of our studies on various Chinese coal types.
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| 7 |
,Coal Depolymerization and Liquefaction, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Coal is generally an insoluble material which is an obstacle to solution based chemical analysis techniques. It can be useful to consider coal as a complex polymeric substance, composed of a wide variety of monomeric units with a disorganized structure that resists dissolution. Depolymerization and liquefaction studies concern processes that break down these insoluble polymers into soluble constituents. This can be achieved indirectly via gasification, however direct methods involving solvent extraction liquefaction, and catalytic liquefaction can give a deep insight into the chemical structure and reactivity of the precursor coal that is used. In this chapter we discuss the various conditions such as temperature solvent and catalysts that are used for liquefaction of coal and their applications to the study of different Chinese coal types. We introduce the mechanisms that contribute to specific composition of soluble fractions, and pay particular attention to the use of infrared spectroscopy in the study of these components.
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| 8 |
,Coal Combustion, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Combustion represents the earliest use of coal, and remains a fundamentally important application. However, burning coal directly generates pollution, and there is great interest in enhancing the efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of burning coal. The structure/property/reactivity relationships of coal are particularly important for understanding the complex multistage processes that govern coal combustion. In this chapter, we provide the relevant background for understanding the chemical and physical changes that occur during combustion, including pore models that have been developed to describe combustion. Finally, the results of investigations of the combustion parameters of four types of Chinese coal are presented to highlight the interplay between different coal structures and their combustion behaviors.
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| 9 |
,Coal Swelling, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
Coal swelling is a phenomenon associated with physical and morphological changes that occur when coal is steeped in a particular solvent. Coal may be considered as a cross-linked polymeric macromolecule that may allow particular solvent molecules to penetrate the flexible framework. Analysis of the changes to the coal and solvent during swelling can provide valuable structural information on the coal, and facilitate more efficient use of this coal. This chapter describes coal swelling from a phenomenological viewpoint. We discuss prior studies in this area and the models that have been used to describe the swelling behavior. We compare the behavior of raw coal against that which has been swelled in pyrolysis and liquefaction processes. We also study the changes in properties (thermal, pore, and surface effects), char properties that occur and demonstrate the utility of swelling as a technique to probe the coal structure. We discuss the relationship between swelling and structural parameters, and present an investigation of the swelling behaviors of eight Chinese coals.
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| 10 |
,Coal Plasma Reactions, |
Ke-Chang Xie |
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Abstract
This chapter deals with the behavior of coal in a plasma medium. Pyrolysis behavior is discussed, and the reactions of coal with activated species (hydrogen) and acetylene formation are described. There then follows a discussion of the overall use of plasma technology in the coal industry. The behavior of the C–H–Ar–O system is described, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamic aspects of plasma operations. Experimental aspects are dealt with before returning to pyrolysis and the factors affecting that process in a plasma. The properties of pyrolysis residues are then covered, followed by a discussion of reactor dynamics and the application of various models to plasma conversion reactions and processes. Finally, coal coking behavior in an arc plasma is discussed.
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