Titlebook: Statistics Applied with the R Commander; Data Analysis Is (No Franz Kronthaler Textbook 20241st edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and T

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Variation: The Deviation from Average Behaviors the deviation of the individual observed values from their average value. If the individual values are closer to the average value, then the average value better represents the values, if they are further away from the average value, the average value is not as meaningful.

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Hypotheses: Just a Refinement of the Questionding of what a hypothesis is. Fundamentally, a hypothesis is something very simple. Colloquially speaking, it is just a translation of the research question into a testable statement. At the same time, a hypothesis is also something quite magnificent. With a hypothesis, we generate statistically verified knowledge.

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Normal Distribution and Other Test Distributionss. To understand this, we first need to realize that chance is not entirely random. We will see that chance can be normally distributed, but also differently distributed. This means very specifically, we can make a statement about how randomly chance occurs. Interesting, isn’t it?

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The Test for a Difference Between Means with Dependent Samples or Dependent Samples t-Testd two different groups and then compared them. In the test for a difference between means with dependent samples, we examine the same group twice and ask whether a certain measure has an influence on the group.

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The Test for a Group Mean or One Sample t-Testrmore, we know that the company founders are on average 34.25 years old and that they have an industry professional experience of 7.42 years. But do these results also apply to the population? We can test this.

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Statistics is Fun, such as companies, behave. Fun, simply because it’s enjoyable to discover things. At the same time, statistics is important. If we can observe and evaluate how individuals, companies, or other objects behave, then we understand many things much better. In this chapter, we clarify why statistics is