| 书目名称 | Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants | | 副标题 | Volume 5 | | 编辑 | S. Mohan Jain,Pramod K. Gupta,Ronald J. Newton | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/872/871850/871850.mp4 | | 丛书名称 | Forestry Sciences | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for generations by the use of trees and their products. In recent years, ever rising human population growth has put a tremendous pressure on trees and tree products; growing awareness of the potential of previously unexploited tree resources; and environmental pollution have both accelerated the development of new technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement. Biotechnology of trees may be the answer to solve the problems which can not be solved by conventional breeding methods. The combination of biotechnology and conventional methods such as plant propagation and breeding could become a novel approach to improving and multiplying a large number of the trees and woody plants. So far, plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited by commercial companies in propagation of ornamentals, especially foliage house plants. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants has been recalcitrant. However, limited success has been achieved in tissue culture of angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A number of recent reports on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants such as Norway spruce (Picea abies), Loblolly pi | | 出版日期 | Book 1999 | | 关键词 | Embryo; conifers; fruit; genetic transformation; olive; woody plants; Tree Biology | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4774-3 | | isbn_softcover | 978-94-010-6006-6 | | isbn_ebook | 978-94-011-4774-3Series ISSN 0924-5480 Series E-ISSN 1875-1334 | | issn_series | 0924-5480 | | copyright | Kluwer Academic Publishers 1999 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Abstract
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Somatic Embryogenesis of Ocotea catharinensis: An Endangered Tree of the Mata Atlantica (S. Brazil) |
A. M. Viana,S. H. Mantell |
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Abstract
. Mez. (Lauraceae) is an endangered native forest tree species of the atlantic forest (the Mata Atlantica) located in the South of Brazil (Fig. 1A). This forest is considered to be the most endangered ecosystem in the world with only 5% of the original forest remaining. Before 1980, this tree was the most abundant in the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina State, at altitudes varying from 300 to 700 m above sea level and represented approximately one-third of the total wood biomass (Klein, 1980).
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Linden (Tilia spp.) |
V. Chalupa |
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Abstract
The genus . includes approximately 30 species native to the temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia. . species are medium to large deciduous trees which thrive on a wide range of soils, moderately moist that are not too acidic. The main timber-yielding species are . Mill. (small-leaf linden), . Scop, (large-leaf linden) and . L. (American linden, Basswood). Some . species (.) are relatively tolerant of air pollution and city smoke, and are frequently planted in parks, gardens and city streets. . trees are planted in most American cities and . Moench. (silver linden) trees are frequent in European cities (Farrar, 1995).
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Big-leaf Mahogany (, King) |
E. Maruyama,K. Ishii |
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Abstract
The genus . consists of three deciduous tropical American tree species. This is the source of the renowned mahogany timber, which is highly valued for its excellent properties and qualities, and regarded as one of the most beautiful woods in the world.
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Somatic Embryogenesis in , and , |
M. P. Watt,F. C. Blakeway,R. Termignoni,S. M. Jain |
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Abstract
The genus . belongs to the family Myrtaceae, subgroup Leptospermoideae. There are 450–700 eucalyptus species and varieties, varying in size from large broad-leafed trees to shrub-like mallees. The most distinguishing taxonomic feature of the genus is the presence of a fused calyx and/or corolla into an operculum. . and . are quite similar in terms of gross morphological features. In . the operculum is hemispherical, the inflorescence is an umbel, the peduncle is distinctly flattened and the fruit capsule is 5–11 mm in diameter. The leaves are smooth, the adaxial surface is darker than the abaxial one and the mature leaves are lanceolate, often falcate. The annual bark exfoliations are long and fibrous. In . (Dunn’s white gum), the operculum is also hemispherical, the inflorescence is simple, the peduncle is flattened and the fruit is 5–8 mm in diameter. The leaves of the adult plants are green, concolorlous, lanceolate to narrow lanceolate. The bark is rough, brownish, flaky and more or less corky at the base, commonly with long ribbons of decorticating bark hanging from branches.
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Somatic Embryogenesis in , |
A. C. Augustine,L. D’Souza |
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Abstract
. and . constitute a special group of plants which have an unique assemblage of characters common to both angiosperms and gymnosperms. These three were therefore placed in a separate family Gnetaceae under the order Gnetales. By the end of the 19th century the order was split into three separate families each with a single genus. Many morphological differences were brought to light by several taxonomists (Florin, 1931, 1933, 1934) and in the light of these observations Eames (1952) suggested the splitting of the Order Gnetales into Gnetales, Ephedrales and Welwitschiales. . is the only genus included under Gnetales. It is of special interest to morphologists and systematists because it is considered to be highest evolved among gymnosperms and showing close similarities to angiosperms than to . or ..
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Rosewood and other Indian Tree Legumes |
G. Lakshmi Sita |
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Abstract
Legumes are the most important among plants, and rank next to cereals. While extensive work has been done on cereals such as rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, and barley, important legumes like soybean and peanut have received comparatively less attention. Tree legumes have received even less attention, yet members of Leguminosae family show more promise for producing vast supplies of vegetable protein, fuel, fodder and timber. In the developing countries, cultivation of grain or tree legumes seems to be the quickest way to develop virgin lands. Leguminous species are found throughout the world, but the largest number of varieties grow in the tropics and subtropics (NRC, 1979). Of the thousands of known leguminous species, less than 20 are extensively used. The remaining species are little used and many of them are yet to be exploited. Many people are unaware that legumes encompass far more than herbaceous annual food crops, and they occur as vines, shrubs and trees. The significance of legumes for the energy crisis has been recognized by the international community. The most important task facing mankind today is to lessen the exploitation of non-renewable energy resources. For more tha
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Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis in , |
J. M. Torné,I. Claparols,L. Moysset,E. Simón,M. Santos |
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Abstract
. belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family. It has twining stems up to 10 m high, and the leaves are ovate-oblong, acurate, truncate at the base and white-tomentose beneath. Cymes are few-flowered with long peduncles. The flowers which are in axillary cymes with single corola and five segments, are white and pink striped and give off a delicate fragance. Flowers are always insect pollinated. The fruit is oblong and pruinose, containing many seeds with terminal filaments. More botanical information can be attained from Cabrera and Zardini (1978), Fiori (1925) or ..
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Somatic Embryogenesis from Winter Buds of 10-year-old , |
H. K. Moon,Y. Youn |
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Abstract
The genus . is composed of about 20 species of deciduous trees, shrubs, or herbs, many of which are found in North America, Asia and Australia. While many tree and shrub species are spiny, the herb species are either spiny or smooth stemmed. Some are used for ornamental purpose and wildlife food. Two North American species are used for medicine (Schopmeyer, 1974). . and . are found in Korea (Lee, 1979). . is distributed over a large geographic range in Korea, Japan, and China. This deciduous shrub is mainly growing in sunny areas and reaches 3–4 m in height. Fresh buds and leaves of the species have long been used as fresh edible vegetables due to their flavour and nutritional value (Kim, 1996). Although the roots and trunk bark have also been used for traditional folk medicine, the fresh buds and leaves are being used as a valuable crop to increase agricultural income sources. Commercial gathering of fresh buds and leaves from wild trees has caused erosion of the wild populations. Recently, the trees have been placed under intensive cultivation to meet the increasing commercial demand (Jhang ., 1993). It is, therefore, necessary to maintain the continuous supply of the propagules
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Somatic Embryogenesis in , |
H. E. Darrow,D. J. Burritt,P. Bannister |
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Abstract
The genus . belongs to the family Malvaceae, which is an extensive family of herbs, shrubs and trees comprising about 80 genera and 1000 species spread over the tropical and subtropical parts of the world (Salmon, 1992). The genus contains many economically important plants, for example cotton (. spp.) and Chinese jute (.). Three genera, . and ., occur in New Zealand.
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Black Locust (, L.) |
K. -H. Han,Y. G. Park |
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Abstract
Black locust (. L.) is a nitrogen fixing tree species and is planted globally. It grows rapidly, 2–6 cm/day (Hanover ., 1992), and often out-competes weeds and other vegetation. This species has many beneficial attributes which facilitate the use of biotechnological approaches for genetically improving this tree legume. These include a small genome size (2.4 pg), amenability to tissue culture, and the relative ease with which it can be manipulated through .-mediated transformation (Han, 1991; Han ., 1993a; reviewed in Han ., 1998).
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Direct Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaves of , |
M. C. Pedroso,M. S. Pais |
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Abstract
. L, commonly known as camellia, is an evergreen ornamental plant of the Theaceae family. Native from Eastern Asia, its origin is still controversial, being considered by some as a species indigenous from Japan and, by others, from China (Ta and Leng, 1983). It was introduced into Europe by the Portuguese in 1542 (Anderson, 1961) and soon spread to Spain, England, France and Italy. It was later introduced into the United States at the beginning of the 18th century, and in Australia during the mid 19th century.
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Abstract
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Kiwifruit (,) |
M. M. Oliveira |
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Abstract
. is one of the two genera belonging to the family Actinidiaceae (Ferguson ., 1986). Represented by over 60 species, . is a dioecious liana, native to China where it has been used for more than 2000 years as a tonic, antipyretic and anticarcinogenic. Kiwifruit selection started in New Zealand at the beginning of this century, having been introduced by a New Zealander who brought the seed from China. The selection process started from a single staminate and two pistillate plants (Jordán and Botti, 1992) and it gave rise to five varieties (Huang and Tan, 1990). Commercial production of kiwifruit commenced in the 1940s and 1950s, and it soon became one of the major horticultural exports of New Zealand. In the 1980s, a controlled kiwifruit breeding programme was initiated in this country.
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Somatic Embryogenesis of Avocado (, Mill.) |
Witjaksono,R. E. Litz,F. Pliego-Alfaro |
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Abstract
The avocado (. Mill.) is the only economically important food in the Lauraceae, which also contains such economically important species as spices (e.g. .), medicines (e.g. .), timber (e.g. . spp., . spp. and . spp.) and ornamentals (e.g. .) (Schroeder, 1995). World avocado production in the past 5 years has averaged ca. 2 million MT (FAO, 1997) and ranks 10th after grape, . (banana and plantain), citrus, apple, mango, pear, plum, peach and papaya (FAO, 1997). The major production areas are Mexico, USA, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Indonesia, respectively. Leading exporting countries include Australia, South Africa, Mexico and Israel.
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Somatic Embryogenesis in , species |
Ph. Druart |
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Abstract
The genus . (.) includes all the’ stone fruits’, i.e., . and several other species and interspecific hybrids used as rootstocks, e.g. . for plum trees, ., for cherry trees.
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Abstract
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Somatic Embryogenesis in Tea (, (L.) O. Kuntze) |
A. Akula,C. Akula |
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Abstract
Tea (. (L.) O. Kuntze) is the oldest caffeine-containing beverage; it supposedly originated from China and North Eastern region of India. From the earliest times tea was known for its properties as a healthy, refreshing drink and the word ch’a was used in China and India. By the third century AD many stories were being told and some written about tea and the benefits of tea drinking, but it was not until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) that tea become China’s national drink. Arab traders first introduced tea to Europe in 1559. However, it is the Portuguese and Dutch who claim the credit of bringing tea to Europe. During the late 17th century tea used to be drunk by aristocratic families only. By the middle of the 18th century, however, tea had replaced ale and gin as the drink of the masses and had become Britain’s most popular beverage. Today, tea has become the most popular and cheapest drink in the world. More than half of the world’s population is habituated of tea drinking. India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China and Japan are the traditional tea producers in the world. The demand for tea is ever increasing, and more and more land is being brought under tea plantations. Tea is curren
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Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffee |
M. Berthouly,H. Etienne |
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Abstract
Coffee is one of the most important agricultural products on the world market, and is the most widely grown tropical tree crop. Various Latin American countries such as Colombia, Brazil and Central America depend heavily on coffee production for foreign currency earnings. More generally, the economies of 50 countries depend on this crop, which is grown on 11.2 × 10. ha and which produced 5.3 × 10. tons of green coffee in 1992 (., 1992) and 5 603 metric tons during 1995 (FAO, 1995). The coffee consumed worldwide primarily comes from two cultivated species: . and ., which account for 75% and 25% of the world market, respectively. The coffees produced by the two species are commercially known as ‘arabica’ and ‘robusta’.
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