| 书目名称 | Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I | | 编辑 | Y. P. S. Bajaj | | 视频video | | | 丛书名称 | Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry | | 图书封面 |  | | 出版日期 | Book 1990 | | 关键词 | DNA; Erosion; Hordeum vulgare L; ; biotechnology; breeding; cell lines; chromosome; crops; cryopreservation; g | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02636-6 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-642-08077-7 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-662-02636-6Series ISSN 0934-943X Series E-ISSN 2512-3696 | | issn_series | 0934-943X | | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Abstract
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Somaclonal Variation — Origin, Induction, Cryopreservation, and Implications in Plant Breeding |
Y. P. S. Bajaj |
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Abstract
It has been known for over 25 years now that plant cell and tissue cultures undergo genetic erosions and show changes of various types, especially in chromosome numbers and ploidy level (Partanen 1963; D’Amato 1965; Murashige and Nakano 1966). However, till the mid 1970’s such changes were considered undesirable and were therefore discarded because the main emphasis was on clonal propagation and genetic stability of the cell cultures. Extensive studies conducted during the last decade have shown that the cell cultures, especially on periodical subculturing, undergo various morphological and genetic changes, i.e., polyploidy, aneuploidy, chromosome breakage, deletions, translocations, gene amplification, inversions, mutations, etc. (see Nagl 1972; Meins 1983; D’Amato 1985). In addition, there are changes at the molecular and biochemical levels (Day and Ellis 1984; Landsman and Uhrig 1985; Ball and Seilleur 1986) including changes in the DNA (Berlyn 1982; Cullis 1983), enzymes (Brettell et al. 1986b), gliadin (Cooper et al. 1986), etc. Since the publication of Larkin and Scowcroft (1981) there has been an upsurge of interest, and the attitude toward these changes has shifted to using
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Chromosome Variation in Plant Tissue Culture |
H. Ogura |
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Abstract
When plant tissues and cells are explanted on phytohormone-containing media, they may be induced to proliferate and form an unorganized tissue mass, the callus. Differing from organized intact tissues or organs, however, the callus is known to be genetically variable or unstable. The genetic variability or instability of callus cells is well characterized by the variation of chromosome number. Not only in callus cells, but in callus-derived regenerated plants, it has been shown that many showed chromosome number variation. Some studies suggest that the predominant appearance of eudiploid cells in callus and others showed predominantly eudiploid constitution of the regenerates. Here, the chromosomal constitution of cultured tissues and regenerates, anther-derived regenerates, some protoplast-derived regenerates, somatic hybrids, and some genetically engineered plants is presented. Although there are a considerable number of reports estimating ploidy level by DNA amount per cell by cytophotometry, here reports of usual cytological analyses of chromosome constitution are mainly cited and discussed. For the mechanism of chromosome variation of cultured tissues and regenerates, refer to
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Genetic Mosaics and Chimeras: Implications in Biotechnology |
M. Marcotrigiano |
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Abstract
Genetic mosaics are plants which are composed of tissues of two or more genotypes. They should not be confused with plant hybrids, which possess only one genotype; a genotype which is the product of recombination following fertilization. Mosaics can arise spontaneously or can be induced with chemical or physical mutagens. In mutagenized plants most of the mutant sectors arise outside the shoot apex (i.e., “extra-apical mosaicism”, described by Bergann 1967).
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Genetic Bases of Variation from in Vitro Tissue Culture |
M. Sibi |
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Abstract
Many tissue culture studies initiated during the 1950’s were summarized by Gautheret (1954, 1959, 1964). Since then, meristem and callus cultures of a large number of plant species have been successfully worked out, and phenotypic variation in callus regenerated plants has been reported (Bajaj 1986). In fact, variation resulting from meristem culture (Clare and Collin 1974) was only little reported, but it frequently occurred from callus regeneration or in strains. Many review articles are available on the subject, some of which attempt to explain the causes and find the origin of this variability (Sibi 1978; Brettell and Ingram 1979; Larkin and Scowcroft 1981; Reisch 1983; Orton 1984; Karp and Bright 1985; Gould 1986). This variation was termed differently according to authors. “Phenovariants” was first proposed by Sibi (1971) as describing the new regenerated phenotypes, while “somaclonal variation” was used by Larkin and Scowcroft (1981), and seems to be generally accepted for all types of variations coming from in vitro tissue culture.
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Molecular Basis of Somaclonal Variation |
S. G. Ball |
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Abstract
Somaclonal variation has been extensively reviewed (Larkin and Scowcroft 1983; Scowcroft 1985; see also Chap. I.1. this Vol.). Genotypic changes of all possible types involving qualitative or quantitative traits, from single Mendelian mutations to dramatic changes in the ploidy level, aneuploidy. chromosomal aberrations, and even mutations of cytoplasmic origin have been reported.
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Gene Amplification and Related Events |
W. Nagl |
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Abstract
The term . refers to the multiple extra replication of a DNA sequence including a gene. This sequence, or amplicon. is normally much larger than the coding gene itself, and a gene is not in every case involved at all. The term, although referring to an event, has the result in mind, rather than the mechanism, which is still subject to speculations (see Sect. 7).
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Optical Techniques to Measure Genetic Instability in Cell and Tissue Cultures |
G. P. Berlyn,A. O. Anoruo,R. C. Beck |
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Abstract
Biotechnology has great potential in forestry, particularly in plantation forestry, where rapid reforestation is financially and ecologically imperative, and especially in situations where the desirable species grows well in an exotic environment but does not reproduce there. The potential benefits of biotechnology include: rapid multiplication of selected genotypes; cloning; somatic hybridization; increased disease, insect, and herbicide resistance; germplasm preservation; triploid production; rapid haploid and pure line production; somatic embryogenesis; and somaclonal variation (see Berlyn et al. 1986a; Bajaj 1986). However, there are potential problems which include: low yield of somatic embryos, especially in conifers; inability to regenerate almost all forest trees from protoplasts, which prevents application of somatic hybridization; delayed expression of undesirable traits; morphological incompatibility of plant organs in genetically engineered plants; out-of-phase development, that alters timing mechanisms such as bud flushing, dormancy induction, initiation of earlywood and latewood formation and reproductive development; and genetic instability of regenerated plantlets a
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Environmentally Induced Variation in Plant DNA and Associated Phenotypic Consequences |
C. A. Cullis |
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Abstract
The organization of the life cycle of plants affects the interpretation of their genetic behavior. The higher plant cannot be considered to be a single organism as it is, in reality, an assemblage of competing units, the meristems, each of which is capable of contributing to the next generation. The orderly growth of the plant is achieved by the interaction of the competing meristems, usually through apical dominance. However, damage to the dominant meristem can result in the release of alternative units which can subsequently contribute to the next generation. Thus, in higher plants, there is no clear separation of the germ line and the soma. The consequence of this is that genetic variation arising from a mutation in any somatic cell has the potential to be transmitted to the next generation. This form of life strategy and its consequences for variation in higher plants has been reviewed recently (Walbot and Cullis 1985: Walbot 1986 ).
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Somaclonal Variation for Salt Resistance |
M. Tal |
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Abstract
Excess salt in the soil or in the water resources is an ever-increasing problem in the world today. In recent years attempts have been made to supplement conventional breeding directed toward the production of salt-resistant plants (Epstein et al. 1980; Norlyn 1980; Ramage 1980; Shannon 1985) with variability existing in tissue or cell culture (Rains 1982; Stavarek and Rains 1984). Such a supplement is especially important in species in which the gene pool is poor or completely lacks such variability. . receied
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Somaclonal Variation for Nematode Resistance |
G. Fassuliotis |
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Abstract
The development of disease-resistant cultivars through plant breeding depends on the extent of variability in a plant population with resistance-bearing traits that can be selected for transfer into new cultivars. Breeders have been relatively successful in transferring nematode resistance into some crop species. through selection of variants occurring in genotypes and through introgression. For some crop species. the gene base for nematode resistance is extremely wide, and resistance can be easily transferred when it is expressed by a single dominant gene; in others, the base is so narrow that nematode resistance is nonexistent (Fassuliotis 1987). To increase the natural variation in plant populations, mutation techniques have produced some lines with increased nematode resistance (Fassuliotis 1987). The use of wild species as parental sources for resistance has been extremely successful in some crops. The tomato (.). to which root-knot nematode (. spp.) resistance was transferred by introgression of genes from the wild species .. is an excellent example. F. hybrids were brought to maturity through embryo culture (Smith 1944). Eggplant, . lacks resistance to root-knot nematodes, a
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Abstract
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Somaclonal Variation in Cereals |
C. Tonelli |
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Abstract
Somaclonal variation has been extensively documented (Larkin and Scowcroft 1981; Larkin et al. 1985, Sala and Biasini 1985; Tonelli 1985; Brown and Lorz 1986; Ahloowalia 1986). This variation seems not to be species- or organ-specific, but ubiquitous among regenerated plants, and appears to cover a wide spectrum of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters, some of which may be of importance in plant improvement as long as the variation is stable and sexually transmitted.
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Somaclonal Variation in Rice |
Z.-X. Sun,K.-L. Zheng |
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Abstract
Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population, and its present cultivation spans from latitude 53° N to 40° S (Lu and Chang 1980), from -23 to +7000 feet above sea level. It is cultivated under various conditions, including upland, deep water, and soils with pH 3.5 to 9.5 (Khush 1984). There are 22 species in the genus ., most of which are diploid (2n = 24), and seven species are tetraploid (4n = 48) (Chang 1985). . L. and . Steud are the two cultivated species. . is usually divided into three eco-species: ., and ..
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Somaclonal Variation in Maize |
E. D. Earle,A. R. Kuehnle |
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Abstract
In the years since Larkin and Scowcroft (1981) reviewed the literature on tissue culture-related variability and suggested that such “somaclonal variation” might serve as a resource for plant breeders, regenerated plants and progeny from a broad range of species have been examined for alterations in phenotype, physiology, cytology and molecular characteristics. Maize (. L.) has been the subject of many such studies. The work with maize is easily justified by the potential value of any new approaches to improvement of this major crop plant (see next section). Moreover, maize has many other features that make it attractive material for studies of somaclonal variation (Sheridan 1982). These include the low number (2n = 20) of well-characterized chromosomes, the many nuclear gene mutants identified and mapped to particular chromosomes (Neuffer et al. 1968), and the different mitochondrial variants encoding cytoplasmic male sterility (Laughnan and GabayLaughnan 1983). Maize is a particularly convenient plant for genetic studies because it can readily be either self- or cross-pollinated, with production of large numbers of seeds per plant. Effects of gene dosages can be assessed by compa
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Somaclonal Variation in Barley (,) |
A. Breiman,D. Rotem-Abarbanell |
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Abstract
Barley is the world’s fourth most important cereal crop after wheat, maize, and rice. Three unique characteristics have enabled barley to persist as a major cereal crop through many centuries: (1) broad ecological adaptation, (2) utility as a feed and food grain, and (3) superiority of barley malt for use in brewing.
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Abstract
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Somaclonal Variation in Potato |
A. Karp |
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Abstract
Potato (.) has been under cultivation by man for some 8000 years. At present, it ranks fifth amongst the most important food crops in the world. Its origin lies probably in the Andes, where wild potatoes are still widespread, although no species has yet been identified as the diploid ancestor. Most present cultivars are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and are grown over a wide global distribution (Hawkes 1978).
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Somaclonal Variation in Tomato |
M. Buiatti,R. Morpurgo |
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Abstract
. species originated in the Andean region of South America. Domestication of the tomato began in Mexico, where wild populations of . var. . are still found. From this region the cultivated tomato spread first to Europe in the Mediterranean region and then to North America in the 18th century. The common Mexican origin (Rick and Forbes 1975) of all domesticated tomatoes is demonstrated by the fact that variation in allozyme patterns in the cultivated tomato is extremely poor. In fact, the majority of the temperate cvs. and the great majority of the Mesoamerican ancestors var. . proved to be monomorphic for all tested APS, EST, GOT, and PRX loci. In wild and Andean cultivated tomato, a greater degree of variability exists between individuals, populations, and races. Maximum variability was found in Peruvian and Ecuatorian coast regions.
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发表于 2025-3-21 16:33:21
