| 书目名称 | Size-Structured Populations | | 副标题 | Ecology and Evolutio | | 编辑 | Bo Ebenman,Lennart Persson | | 视频video | | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | At last both ecology and evolution are covered in this study on the dynamics of .size-structured populations.. How does natural selection shape growth patterns and life cycles of individuals, and hence the size-structure of populations? This book will stimulate biologists to look into some important and interesting biological problems from a new angle of approach, concerning: - life history evolution, - intraspecific competition and niche theory, - structure and dynamics of ecological communities. | | 出版日期 | Conference proceedings 1988 | | 关键词 | animals; demography; ecology; ecosystem; ecosystem dynamics; evolution; fish; growth; population dynamics; po | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74001-5 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-642-74003-9 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-642-74001-5 | | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Prolog |
R. M. May |
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Abstract
Most elementary textbooks in population biology and population genetics deal with homogeneous collections of individuals, studying the way population density or gene frequency changes over time in response to ecological and evolutionary forces. More detailed investigations recognize the age-structure within a population, often using techniques borrowed from actuarial studies of humans, to explore the demographic consequences of age-specific birth and death rates.
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Introduction Dynamics of Size-Structured Populations: An Overview |
B. Ebenman,L. Persson |
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Abstract
The size range of organisms is enormous, spanning over 21 orders of magnitude, with the blue whale and giant sequoia being 10. heavier than the smallest microbe (McMahon and Bonner 1983). An organism is often identified as an individual in a given developmental stage, usually as a full-grown adult, which is, in many cases, a questionable point of view. As J. T. Bonner (1965) has argued, the ultimate description of an individual includes the whole life cycle. In many organisms the individuals pass through a wide spectrum of sizes, spanning more than four orders of magnitude, during the independent part of their life cycles; well-known examples are plants, fishes and reptiles. Thus, also within a species, individuals often vary greatly in size. Such large variation in size will have profound evolutionary and population dynamic consequences, which is the topic of this book.
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Abstract
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The Evolution of Size in Size-Structured Populations |
M. Kirkpatrick |
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Abstract
In many populations of animals and plants, particularly those with indeterminate growth, size is the dominant ecological attribute of individuals (see Caswell 1982 and this Vol.; Peters 1983; Werner and Gilliam 1984; Sauer and Slade 1987; Sebens 1987). Understanding the evolution of size is therefore critical to understanding the population biology of these species. Because individuals of different ages are often of very different size, a full treatment must consider the ontogeny of size. This paper outlines a predictive theory for the evolution of growth trajectories based on quantitative genetics.
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Path Analysis of Ontogenetic Data |
M. Lynch |
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Abstract
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have long been interested in the quantitative description of growth processes (Huxley 1932; Thompson 1942; Cock 1966; Gould 1977). Mathematical expressions for individual growth trajectories are required for the analysis of a diversity of problems in biology including: (1) optimal harvesting strategies for species of economic importance, (2) evolutionary theory of life history strategies, and (3) development of gross morphology and shape. Thus, considerable effort has been expended in the search for relatively simple growth formulations and in the development of suitable curve-fitting procedures. General references on these subjects include Nair (1954), Bertalanffy (1957), Beverton and Holt (1957), Richards (1959), Fabens (1965), Paloheimo and Dickie (1965), Ricklefs (1967), Parks (1970), Pruitt et al. (1979), Majowski and Uchmanski (1980), and Lande (1985).
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The Measurement of Selection on Size and Growth |
M. Lynch,S. J. Arnold |
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Abstract
A good deal of interest in natural selection is focused on the size of individuals or individual parts. For example, the significance of size-selective predation has long been a dominant theme in research on Zooplankton ecology (Brooks and Dodson 1965; Kerfoot 1980; Lynch 1980). Much of the theory on the evolution of complex life histories is focused on the interaction of size-specific growth and mortality rates (Wilbur 1980; Werner and Gilliam 1984; Werner 1986 and this Vol.). Size-dependent competition and reproductive performance are central issues in plant population biology (Harper 1977; Dirzo and Sarukhán 1984; see also Ebenman this Vol.). In order to couch studies of these phenomena in an evolutionary framework, techniques are required for analyzing the intensity of natural selection on components of size and growth. A methodology for the measurement of selection on age-invariant characters (e.g., size at age x) has been outlined in Lande and Arnold (1983) and Mitchell-Olds and Shaw (1987), but selection on ontogenetic patterns raises some practical difficulties that were not addressed in those papers.
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Size, Scaling, and the Evolution of Complex Life Cycles |
E. E. Werner |
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Abstract
J.T. Bonner (1965) noted that the ultimate description of an organism is that of the life cycle. An organism is not the static representation of the adult we associate with taxonomic characterizations and most ecological theory, but the dynamic unfolding of the genome over ontogeny, and the consequent succession of life history stages or forms. The life cycle, of course, is also the fundamental unit of demographic analyses, and therefore a focus for considerations of ecological processes and their manifestation in evolutionary change. As Istock (1984) put it, every inference we make about the evolutionary process has some equivalent rendering within this demographic framework. Because the life cycle assumes a central position in the structure of biology, it is useful to order patterns in life cycle organization, and to ask what processes have shaped these patterns.
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Abstract
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Approaching Size and Age in Matrix Population Models |
H. Caswell |
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Abstract
Matrix projection models are a simple and powerful way to analyze the life cycles of organisms whose demography is determined by size or developmental stage, rather than age. Here I address three problems: (1) choosing between age and size as state variables, (2) using size-classified models as approximations when both age and size are important, and (3) recovering age-specific information from sizeclassified models.
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Population Models Incorporating Physiological Structure: A Quick Survey of the Basic Concepts and an |
J. A. J. Metz,A. M. de Roos,F. van den Bosch |
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Abstract
In this chapter we give a survey of the modeling methodology for physiologically structured populations developed in Metz and Diekmann (1986) with a stress on simple techniques and applications. The main application considered is a size-(and age-) structured model for . population dynamics based on the ideas in Kooijman and Metz (1984). Although admittedly considerably simplified, this model appears to be able to generate all three types of observed . population behavior distinguished by Murdoch and McCauley (1985), a feat not (yet) reproduced by any of its competitors.
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Dynamics of Age- and Size-Structured Populations: Intraspecific Competition |
B. Ebenman |
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Abstract
In most organisms different aged individuals differ in size and morphology. In some taxa the body weight of individuals within species spans 4 or more orders of magnitude (Werner and Gilliam 1984). The radical changes in morphology accompanying metamorphosis in organisms with complex life cycles is well known to all biologists. Such variation within a species will have important evolutionary and population dynamic consequences. In this chapter I will discuss the implications of such differences in size/morphology on the intensity of competition between age classes, and show that competition between age classes can have interesting population dynamic consequences.
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Maximum Sustainable Yields and the Self-Renewal of Exploited Populations with Age-Dependent Vital Ra |
R. Law,D. R. Grey |
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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between two problems in the theory of harvesting self-renewing populations with age-dependent vital rates. The first problem is to find a method of harvesting such that the yield sustainable from a population is maximized. Because of the obvious practical importance of this problem, it has been the subject of many investigations (e.g., Beverton and Holt 1957; Beddington and Taylor 1973; Doubleday 1975; Reed 1980; Botsford 1981; Horwood and Whittle 1986). The second problem is to find a method of harvesting which will maximize the capacity of a population to renew itself, given that a certain minimum crop must be taken. At first sight this problem looks relatively unimportant, and it is perhaps understandable that it has received relatively little attention.
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Abstract
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Interactions Between Growing Predators and Growing Prey |
H. M. Wilbur |
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Abstract
Many concepts in community ecology suffer from a typological approach to species interactions in which the ecological relationships between species are classified as competitive, mutualistic or predatory; and then they are represented by -/-, +/+, or -/+ pairs of elements in a community matrix. These relationships are often diagramed by a food web that represents the presumed trophic connections among species in a community. Species within a trophic level are assumed to be potential competitors and predators are considered to have a negative effect on the population dynamics of their prey. This negative effect arises from predators decreasing the rate of increase of prey or lowering the equilibrium density of prey. Recently, the simplicities of this approach have been recognized as ecologists have studied multispecies communities with techniques designed to understand mechanisms that structure natural communities. It is now recognized that the interaction between two species can depend on the context in which it is measured (Boucher 1985; Kerfoot and Sih 1986). For example, two species may have a competitive (-/-) interaction when raised in isolation, but show mutualistic (+/+) int
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Resource Depletion and Habitat Segregation by Competitors Under Predation Hazard |
J. F. Gilliam,D. F. Fraser |
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Abstract
Individuals of different sizes in size-structured populations often differ greatly in the use of resources and/or space. Spectacular examples include shifts, within a lifetime, from carnivory to herbivory (e.g., some turtles; Clark and Gibbons 1969), or from herbivory to carnivory (e.g., some copepods; Neill and Peacock 1980), or from aquatic to terrestrial habitats (e.g., many amphibians). Many other species show large shifts in prey size or habitat use as they grow, but yet other species show little difference across sizes (Fraser 1976; Polis 1984; Werner and Gilliam 1984; Persson this Vol.). Thus, patterns of resource and habitat use within a species vary from complete segregation between two given size classes, to partial overlap, to complete overlap. The presence or absence of such diet or habitat segregation between different size classes can greatly affect population structure and dynamics. For example, the degree of overlap between different size classes influences population stability, and the intensity of competition between classes influences, in interesting ways, whether increases in the density of a given class increases or decreases the density of other classes (Tschu
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Exploitation Competition and the Evolution of Interference, Cannibalism, and Intraguild Predation in |
G. A. Polis |
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Abstract
There is now recognition that a “population” is actually a complex of phenotypes and age groups that vary in their interactions with the environment. For species that grow slowly through a “wide size range” (Polis 1984a), age/size structure is a major feature and determinant of population dynamics. For these species, the type and intensity of intra- and interspecific interactions depend on size. Interactions may range from neutral to predator-prey or competitive as individuals grow and relative size ratios change (e.g., see Fig. 1).
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Asymmetries in Competitive and Predatory Interactions in Fish Populations |
L. Persson |
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Abstract
A fundamental feature of fish and many other taxa is their potential for individuals to grow during most of their life. While increasing in size, fish undergo size-specific changes in niche, generally involving an increase in the mean size of prey eaten. Considering foraging efficiency alone, these ontogenetic niche shifts can be related to morphological changes and increasing energetic costs. The former is a result of an increased capacity to capture larger prey and a loss in the ability to capture and retain smaller prey, while the latter relates to the necessity to switch to increasingly larger prey to compensate for increased energetic demands with increasing body size (Kerr 1971; Mittelbach 1981; Persson 1987 a). Since individual growth rates in fish are indeterminant and dependent on resource supply, resource competition will directly affect ontogenetic niche shifts by depressing growth rates. In most cases, however, competition and predation interact and ontogenetic niche shifts in fishes are therefore often a result of both competitive and predatory processes (Gilliam 1982; Werner and Gilliam 1984; Werner 1986; Mittelbach and Chesson 1987; Gilliam and Fraser this Vol.). An
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Trophic Relations and Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Aquatic Ecosystems |
G. G. Mittelbach,C. W. Osenberg,M. A. Leibold |
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Abstract
One of the most pronounced and consistent patterns in freshwater lakes is that the biomasses of producers and consumers increase along a gradient of increased nutrient (phosphorous) loading. For example, phytoplankton biomass is positively correlated with total phosphorus concentration (Stockner and Shortreed 1985 and references therein), as is the biomass of Zooplankton (Hanson and Peters 1984; Pace 1984), and fish (Hanson and Leggett 1982). Given that the biomass of aquatic producers, herbivores, and carnivores each positively covaries with phosphorus loading, the abundances of adjacent trophic levels should also be positively correlated across productivity gradients. Indeed, such positive correlations between consumers and their resources are common; i.e., Zooplankton biomass is positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass (references in McQueen et al. 1986), plantivore density is positively related to Zooplankton biomass (Mills and Shiavone 1982), and fish density positively covaries with macrobenthos biomass (Hanson and Leggett 1982; Nakashima and Leggett 1975).
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Community Responses to Experimental Nutrient Perturbations in Oligotrophic Lakes: The Importance of |
W. E. Neill |
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Abstract
Most aquatic metazoans exhibit major changes in size as they mature. Accordingly, they often use different foods and habitats, and are differentially vulnerable to various predators, competitors, and abiotic conditions as they grow. In short, small/young individuals may have very different ecologies than larger/older individuals in the same population. In Zooplankton, for example, larger individuals may be strongly limited by size-selective predation by fish planktivores (Brooks and Dodson 1965). Small organisms, on the other hand, are more susceptible to invertebrate predators (Zaret 1980) and possibly to resource limitation (Romanovsky and Feniova 1985; McCauley and Murdoch 1987). In consequence, the dynamics and evolution of various sizes/ages may be set by a complex array of ontogenetically changing environmental factors. Similarly, among fish, large individuals are often nearly invulnerable to piscivore attack, but may interfere with each other’s access to resources. On the other hand, small individuals may suffer heavy piscivore predation (Mittelbach 1981), resource shortages during “critical stages” of growth (Hjort 1926), and both exploitative and interference competition (
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发表于 2025-3-21 18:43:18
