Titlebook: Sale of Offices in the Seventeenth Century; Koenraad Wolter Swart Book 1949 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 1949 Affect.China.Germa

使满足

CBC471

定点

Enliven

兴奋过度

Generosity

The Orient, European states in America and Asia. It was, moreover, a general political practice in the administrations of many indigenous Oriental governments. I shall deal more elaborately with the two most powerful of these states: the Ottoman Empire and China.

共同时代

Conclusion, same forms or to an equal degree. Sometimes offices were sold for only a few years, in other cases for lifetime, or even as inheritable property. Offices could be sold by the governments, as in despotic countries, by ministers or other prominent people, as in the English departments, or by the offi

蚀刻

Conclusion,n, in which the buyer of an office acquired a piece of property almost as secure as real estate, and states, such as China and the Ottoman Empire, in which every official could be deprived of his office by a caprice of the prince. The legal aspect of sale of offices was most pronounced in France where offices were regarded as immovable property.

Density

CLAMP

Koenraad Wolter Swartthe animals habitually associated with them, and also all the physical and chemical components of the immediate environment or habitat which together form a recognisable self-contained unity’. Modern conceptions emphasise the interaction between living and non-living parts and the flow of energy and