Titlebook: Riemann, Topology, and Physics; Michael Monastyrsky,R. O. Wells Book 19871st edition Springer Science+Business Media New York 1987 crystal

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A Brief Historical SurveyThe reader may be interested to learn more about the history of some of the ideas which have been discussed in this book.

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Beginningsis father, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, was a Lutheran pastor who participated as a lieutenant in the Napoleonic wars of 1812–1814, the “wars of liberation.” He was in the army of the Austrian general, Count Ludwig Wallmoden (1769–1862), which gained distinction in the siege of Hamburg. The army, whi

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Doctoral Dissertationhen complexen Grösse” (Foundations of a general theory of functions of a complex variable). To appreciate the results obtained in the dissertation, it is useful to characterize briefly the results already obtained up to that time, although it should be pointed out that it is, unfortunately, very dif

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Riemann—Lecturer at Göttingen Universityry steps. The system of acquiring degrees and titles influenced in no small degree the development of science, and we will look at it in somewhat greater detail. Nineteenth-century German science strongly favored candidates who had completed a university education rather than those who had graduated

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Topological Structuresre and a circular disk, made of rubber. Deformations can convert the square into the disk, but, without tearing the figure apart, it is impossible to convert the disk into a ring. In topology, this intuitively obvious distinction is formalized. Two figures which can be transformed one into the other