Titlebook: Rhodopsin; Methods and Protocol Valentin Gordeliy Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Spr

TIA742

FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy of Rhodopsins,ructural dynamics of rhodopsins for function. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy provides useful information for this aim. In this chapter, we introduce the methods of FTIR and resonance Raman spectroscopy applied to rhodopsins. These vibrational methods offer deeper understanding on the mechanism how rhodopsins change their structures for function.

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Electrophysiological Characterization of Microbial Rhodopsins by Patch-Clamp Experiments,n of the application of the patch-clamp method for the electrophysiological characterization of microbial rhodopsins. Here we describe the investigation of light sensitivity, wavelength- and voltage-dependence, photocurrent inactivation, kinetics, and ion selectivity.

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Molecular Biology of Microbial Rhodopsins,studies revealed quite diverse functions. Ion pumps, sensors, and channels are imprinted in the same seven-helix transmembrane protein scaffold carrying a retinal prosthetic group. In this review, molecular biology methods are described, which enabled the elucidation of their function and structure leading to optogenetic applications.

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Searching Metagenomes for New Rhodopsins,cs) of many habitats in the photic zones of the ocean and lakes. Already the harvest is impressive and included from the first bacterial rhodopsin (proteorhodopsin) to the recent discovery of heliorhodopsin by functional metagenomics. However, the search continues using bioinformatic or biochemical routes.

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Optogenetic Control of Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons,ties at the single neuron and circuit level. Here we showcase the preparation of hiPSC-derived neurons expressing optogenetic actuators, in vitro optogenetic stimulation and simultaneous functional recordings using patch clamp and MEA electrophysiology.

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Crystallographic Studies of Rhodopsins: Structure and Dynamics,pproaches at X-ray free-electron lasers. Alternatively, cryotrapping approaches can be used. Both the approaches are described, including illumination and sample delivery. The importance of appropriate photoexcitation avoiding multiphoton absorption is stressed.

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