Titlebook: Regulation of Energy Markets; Economic Mechanisms Machiel Mulder Textbook 2023Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(

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International Restrictions on Trade in Energy, may be reduced. Among others, attention is paid to both network extension and a higher utilization of existing infrastructure. Finally, this chapter analyses the implications of an improved international integration of markets for the effectiveness of national energy policies (Sect. .).

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Natural Monopoly in Transport and Distribution,ion asymmetry between regulator and regulated firm. Next, attention is paid to benchmarking methods (Sect. .), the WACC (Sect. .), the design of tariff structures (Sect. .), relationship with investments (Sect. .) and, finally, how regulators can evaluate the effectiveness of tariff regulation (Sect. .).

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Market Power in Wholesale and Retail Energy Markets,e general conditions and welfare consequences of the presence of firms using market power. Afterwards, Sect. 9.4 discusses how the presence and use of market power in energy markets can be monitored. Finally, Sect. 9.5 discusses a number of regulatory options to address the market failure of market power.

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Distributional Effects and Equity Concerns in Energy Markets,chapter discuss regulatory measures to redistribute welfare. Section 11.3 addresses the question how resource rents can be redistributed within society, while Sect. 11.4 discusses the issues of energy poverty and fairness and what types of regulatory measures can be used to make the distribution of welfare more aligned with social objectives.

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Energy Markets and Energy Policies,ions which enable economic agents to obtain inputs from other agents for their production or consumption activities or to supply their outputs to other agents. The more developed these energy markets are, the less economic agents need to realize the required inputs within their organizations themsel

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