Titlebook: Regulation of Cancer Immune Checkpoints; Molecular and Cellul Jie Xu Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

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Book 2020athways are still in their infancy. ..To improve the responses to checkpoint blockade therapy and limit the adverse effects, it is essential to understand the molecular regulation of checkpoint molecules in both malignant and healthy cells/tissues. This book begins with an introduction to immune che

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Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4,T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and CD86, are typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and can either bind CD28 or CTLA-4, resulting in a costimulatory or a co-inhibitory response, respectively. Because of its dampening effect, CTLA-4 is a crucial regulator of T-cell homeostasis and sel

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Roles of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond,eceptors expressed on T cells upon T cell activation. After engagement with its ligands, mainly PD-L1, PD-1 is activated and recruits the phosphatase SHP-2 in proximity to T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signaling. This event results in dephosphorylation and attenuation of key molecules in TCR and CD

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Discovery of New Immune Checkpoints: Family Grows Up,ll 2019 Q1, there are nine ICIs landing the oncology market: Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4, Bristol-Myers Squibb), Nivolumab (anti-PD-1, Bristol-Myers Squibb), Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1, Merck), Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1, Roche/Genentech), Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1, Astra Zeneca), Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4, As

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Rational Discovery of Response Biomarkers: Candidate Prognostic Factors and Biomarkers for Checkpoie. However, response rate of this promising therapy is low, thus requiring biomarkers for precise medication to reduce the ineffective treatment. With multiple retrospective clinical studies, more and more candidate prognostic factors have been identified with possible mechanic explanation, includin

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