Titlebook: Re-Examining The Crime Drop; Stephen Farrall Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 Crime trends.criminal justice.

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Critical Criminological Perspectiveshttp://image.papertrans.cn/r/image/821706.jpg

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67654-8Crime trends; criminal justice; historical analysis; social sciences; politics; responses to crime; crime

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Outlining the Crime Drop,f this book is to raise doubts about the epistemological position adopted by many people studying why crime rates have declined since the early to mid-1990s. I therefore critique the tests used to evaluate theories of the crime drop, drawing upon ideas developed by political scientists.

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Critiquing the Crime Drop, historical institutionalists, along with those developed by ‘constructivist institutionalists’ and comparative political historians, are used to critique some of the core assumptions made by those who have studied the crime drop thus far. I propose a new way of explaining the crime drop which draws on an understanding of political processes.

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Explaining the Crime Drop I: Developing a Case Study of Political Change in England and Wales,the crime drop as experienced in England and Wales in the 1980s and 1990s. I explore four areas of policy change, namely the economy, housing, social security and schooling policies, arguing that each of these was associated with an increase in crime or an increase in the popular awareness of crime as a social problem.

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Conclusion,causal variable. The account which I have presented acts as a corrective to this position; suggesting that a number of processes, not least of all political decision making, brought about the dramatic increases in crime in the 1980s and the punitive response to it in the 1980s.

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Stephen Farrallf artificial pacing of the heart and to make that information available to a wider public. The experience discussed covers the principles and main methods of pacing using implantable and external, fixed rate, R-wave or P-wave triggered pacemakers with electrodes placed in the myocardium either surgically or t978-3-642-66189-1978-3-642-66187-7