| 书目名称 | Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress | | 副标题 | Volume 2: Advanced I | | 编辑 | SAE-China,FISITA | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Shows the advanced technologies in automotive industry of the world.The biennial FISITA World Automotive Congress is recognized as the leading international forum for the knowledge exchange in all are | | 丛书名称 | Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress. are selected from nearly 2,000 papers submitted to the 34th FISITA World Automotive Congress, which is held by Society of Automotive Engineers of China (SAE-China ) and the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA). This proceedings focus on solutions for sustainable mobility in all areas of passenger car, truck and bus transportation. Volume 2: Advanced Internal Combustion Engines (II) focuses on: .•Flow and Combustion Diagnosis .•Engine Design and Simulation .•Heat Transfer and Waste Heat Reutilization .•Emission Standard and International Regulations .Above all researchers, professional engineers and graduates in fields of automotive engineering, mechanical engineering and electronic engineering will benefit from this book. . .SAE-China is a national academic organization composed of enterprises and professionals who focus on research, design and education in the fields of automotive and related industries. FISITA is the umbrella organization for the national automotive societies in 37 countries around the world. It was founded in Paris in 1948 with the purpose of bringing engineers from arou | | 出版日期 | Conference proceedings 2013 | | 关键词 | Combustion Engines; Engine Design; FISITA 2012; Flow and Combustion Diagnosis; Heat Transfer; Vehicle Emi | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33750-5 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-662-51140-4 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-642-33750-5Series ISSN 1876-1100 Series E-ISSN 1876-1119 | | issn_series | 1876-1100 | | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 |
| 1 |
Simulation of EGR Stratification on Timing-Sequential Regionalized Diesel Combustion |
Zhaojie Shen,Zhongchang Liu,Jing Tian,Kang Li,Jiangwei Liu |
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Abstract
In this paper, the influences of EGR distribution on timing-sequential regionalized diesel combustion characters and emissions have been investigated numerically. Timing-sequential regionalized diesel combustion described in previous paper is realized by post injection and proper in-cylinder chemical atmosphere transport to keep post injection fuel injecting to high oxygen concentration region. Cases with EGR stratification have similar heat release rate character compare to uniform EGR case while lower soot emissions and identical NO emissions as local EGR rate equal to uniform case, similarly, lower NO emissions and identical soot emissions as EGR mass equal to uniform case. Axial and radical EGR stratification that defined artificially in cylinder under the condition of 1,650 r/min and 50 % load have been numerically analysed by commercial STAR-CD code. It is indicated that both axial and radical distribution of EGR stratification make NO and soot emissions decrease simultaneously, however, radical EGR distribution works better. NO emissions decrease while soot emissions keep constant under the case of EGR stratification with post injection using main injection timing advance and higher local EGR rate; it is also found that cyclic net work per cylinder is improved at some extent. Intake port shape and swirl rate also have been investigated to analyse in-cylinder gradient of EGR distribution to achieve EGR stratification. EGR gas distributes by gradient in cylinder as air and air-EGR mixture flow through two intake valve that connected to tangential and spiral intake port respectively.
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| 2 |
Investigation on the Validity Region of Online Combustion and Torque Models of Gasoline Engines with Retarded Ignition |
Fangwu Ma,Zheng Qu |
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Abstract
The recently proposed online mean-value thermodynamic combustion model suffers from its error-prone CA50 prediction. In an effort to improve the accuracy of CA50 prediction in the case of ignition retard, this chapter demonstrates the convergence of normalized IMEPH-CA50 predictions towards a unanimous characteristic curve indiscriminately for various gasoline engine selections, speeds and loads. For the first time, this chapter reveals the physical principle of a characteristic curve via an ideal-heat-release model and thereby formulates a validity region of the IMEPH-CA50 predictions. The predicted values outside of the region will then be corrected by a surrogate of the characteristic curve. In this way, ECUs successfully identify invalid CA50 predictions online and modulate them towards the actual values. Large-scale experiments have shown the developed method improves the accuracy in CA50 prediction, while preserving the high accuracy of IMEPH prediction.
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| 3 |
Development of Real Time Inlet Air Model of Diesel Engine Based on ‘V’ Cycle Mode |
Chao Ma,Yong Hang,Xiaowu Gong,Fu Wang |
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Abstract
In recent years, more attentions are paid to environment protection and energy crisis in China so demands are being put on improving fuel economy and low emissions. On the other hand, many people in the automotive community never give up looking for innovative methods to meet the demands. Model-based control and diagnosis technology is very potential and now has been used in many aspects. Particularly, Model-based methods are very popular in development of Engine control unit and some relevant developing tools also arise such as MATLAB/Simulink, dSPACE. A standard development flow called ‘V’ cycle is refined. In order to improve control efficiency and extend the diagnostic methods of fuel injection and after treatment equipments, It needs to get the accurate amount of fresh air charged into diesel cylinder which greatly influences engine combustion process. According to the popular “V” development mode, we build a real time model of fresh air based on Simulink tool and realize the off-line simulation, rapid prototype validation, data scaled, code auto generation, and engine bench test. Real engine test results indicate that the model can satisfy the real time and accuracy requirements completely. This chapter describes the creation and validation of a control-oriented diesel inlet model and doesn’t consider the effect of exhausted air which will no doubt increase the complexity and decrease the real time efficiency, but can extend the model used scope greatly. During construction of the model, We not only consider the dynamic parameters that influence the amount of fresh air such as volumetric efficiency, temperature and pressure of the inlet air, but also consider the difference between static test standards and dynamic running states.
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| 4 |
CFD Simulation and Optical Engine Diagnostics of Mixture Formation Processes in DI Gasoline Engine with Flexible Valvetrain |
Yi Zheng,Po-I Lee,Atsushi Matsumoto,Xingbin Xie,Ming-Chia Lai |
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Abstract
The interactions of multi-hole direct injection (DI) gasoline sprays with the charge motion are investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulation and high-speed imaging of sprays inside engines. Advanced flexible valve-train, with valve-deactivation and variable valve-lift, produces very dynamic charge flow motions, with varying tumble and swirl ratios. The resultant turbulent flow interact with off-axis multiple-hole DI injections, has important implications for the engine mixing and resultant combustion performance. The effects of injection timing on the bulk flow motion and fuel–air mixing in an optical accessible engine, in terms of tumble and swirl ratios, turbulence, and fuel wall film behaviors are first discussed for the conventional baseline engine geometry. The early- and late- variable intake valve closing events are then tested in a metal engine. The effects of different valve lifts and valve deactivation on the mixing and combustion are then discussed. Using integral analyses of the simulation results, the mechanisms in reducing fuel consumption and emissions in a variable valve-actuation engine, fuelled by side-mounted multi-hole DI injectors are illustrated. The implications to the engine mixing and the resultant combustion in a metal engine are demonstrated.
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| 5 |
Multidimensional CFD Simulation of a Diesel Engine Combustion: A Comparison of Combustion Models |
Arif Budiyanto,Bambang Sugiarto,Bagus Anang |
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to simulate combustiuon process and pollutant formation in the combustion chamber of a DI diesel engine. The modelled results were validated by comparing predictions against corresponding experimental data for a diesel engine. The predicted and measured in-cylinder pressure and emission data were in good agreement. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is able to significantly reduce the number of experimental test and measurement and lower the development time and costs. Some parameter which are needed for CFD calculation must be achieved experimentally such as turbulence time scale constant. The CFD simulations demonstrated good agreement to the measured data. The results show that, applying appropriate constant of each combustion model including eddy break up model (Ebu), caracteristic timescale model (Ctm) and extended coherent flamelet model (Ecfm) causes the computaional result to be in agreement with experimental results. Furthermore the result show that the nearest prediction in comparasion with experimental result is by applying the Ecfm model.
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| 6 |
Dual Fuel CNG-Diesel Heavy Duty Truck Engines with Optimum Speed Power Turbine |
Alberto Boretti |
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Abstract
The turbocharged direct injection lean burn Diesel engine is the most efficient engine now in production for transport applications with full load brake engine thermal efficiencies up to 40 to 45 % and reduced penalties in brake engine thermal efficiencies reducing the load by the quantity of fuel injected. The major downfalls of this engine are the carbon dioxide emissions, the depletion of fossil fuels using fossil Diesel, the energy security issues of using foreign fossil fuels in general, and finally the difficulty to meet future emission standards for soot, smoke, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxide and unburned hydrocarbons for the intrinsically “dirty” combustion of the fuel injected in liquid state and the lack of maturity the lean after treatment system. CNG is an alternative fuel with a better carbon to hydrogen ratio therefore permitting reduced carbon dioxide emissions. It is injected in gaseous form for a much cleaner combustion almost cancelling some of the emissions (even if unfortunately not all of them) of the Diesel and it permits a much better energy security within Australia. The paper discusses the best options currently available to convert Diesel engine platforms to CNG, with particular emphasis to the use of these CNG engines within Australia where the refuelling network is scarce. This option is determined in the dual fuel operation with a double injector design that couples a second CNG injector to the Diesel injector. This configuration permits the operation Diesel only and the operation Diesel pilot and CNG main depending on the availability of refuelling stations where the vehicle operates. Results of engine performance simulations are performed for a straight six cylinder 13 litres truck engine with a novel power turbine connected to the crankshaft through a constant variable transmission that may be by-passed when non helpful to increase the fuel economy of the vehicle or when damaging the performances of the after treatment system. The Diesel operation permits full load efficiencies of 45 % thanks to the power turbine arrangement. The Diesel-CNG operation permits slightly reduced full load efficiencies working at different air-to-fuel ratios with about same torque output as desired in the vehicle control.
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| 7 |
The Effect of Intake Port Shape on Gasoline Engine Combustion in Cylinder |
Xiaodong Chen,Zhangsong Zhan |
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Abstract
The effect of intake port shape on gasoline engine combustion performance was studied by CFD technology. The correlation of CFD simulation and experiment data is good, the all results shows the combustion performance of intake port with high tumble is better than that of intake port with low tumble, the high tumble in cylinder transfers into turbulence kinetic energy as the piston close to top dead center during compression stoke, it is good for accelerating the process of combustion in cylinder and improving the performance of combustion.
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| 8 |
Cycle-Resolved Computations of Stratified-Charge Turbulent Combustion in Direct Injection Engines |
Tomoaki Kubota,Nobuhiro Shinmura,Ken Naitoh |
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Abstract
Cyclic variations of stratified-charge turbulent combustion in direct injection gasoline engine can be simulated over ten continuous cycles based on the multi-level formation for the compressible Navier–Stokes equation and also a spray model. Computational results are compared with experimental data. Then, a factor generating the cyclic variations is revealed, which leads to an effective way to control instability of combustion at very lean burning conditions.
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| 9 |
Research on Torque-Angle Tightening of High Strength Bolt in Internal Combustion Engine |
Wenfeng Zhan,Jian Wu,Fake Shao,Chuhua Huang |
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Abstract
Torque-angle tightening is widely used in the internal combustion engine. Actually, Torque-angle tightening is an indirect method of length measurement tightening, used to make the bolt’s plastic elongation rate right after tightening. Usually, the bolt’s plastic elongation after tightening could only be measured by experiments. We researched on how to calculate the plastic elongation of the bolt after tightening when both elastic and plastic elongation occur, considering the tolerance of the torque and angle. What is the most important point but never be mentioned in most of the research.
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| 10 |
Computational Study of Soot Entrainment via Thermophoretic Deposition and Crevice Flow in a Diesel Engine |
Shin Mei Tan,Hoon Kiat Ng,Suyin Gan |
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Abstract
Soot deposition on cylinder liner and the entrainment into engine oil have been correlated to oil starvation and damage of the engine piston. In this computational work, different injection strategies are implemented to investigate their respective effects on spatial evolution of combustion soot and the soot entrainment process in a light-duty diesel engine, taking into account the thermophoretic soot deposition on the cylinder liner as well as entrance of soot into the crevice region. Numerical computation of diesel combustion is undertaken by means of linking a plug-in chemistry solver namely, CHEMKIN-CFD into ANSYS FLUENT 12, a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. A chemical reaction mechanism of .-heptane combined with soot precursor formation mechanism is employed as the diesel surrogate fuel model. Here, turbulence-chemistry interaction is represented by the Eddy-Dissipation Concept (EDC) model. The inclusion of top land volume in the computation mesh and implementation of crevice model in the CFD solver allow inspections of soot entrainment. Soot mass in the top land volume obtained from the simulation is used to represent soot mass transport into crevice via blowby. By assuming thermophoresis as the primary mechanism of soot deposition on the liner, the mass of soot deposited is obtained through calculation of thermophoretic deposition velocity. During the closed cycle combustion process, the mass of soot deposited on liner via thermophoresis is more dominant than those entrained into crevice region through blowby. Variation of start of injection (SOI) does not have considerable effect on the amount of soot entrainment. On the other hand, the amount of soot entrainment into engine oil is not favourable when the split-main injection is employed with late SOI, although the total soot formed during the combustion is reduced. While thermophoresis mechanism relies on the temperature gradient at the wall, the soot concentration near the wall and its temporal evolution are deduced to have a more significant effect on the deposited soot mass. Variation of the injection strategy is found to affect the soot entrainment process by influencing the in-cylinder gas motion, the location of combustion and the evolution of soot cloud. This simulation study provides an insight to the effects of injection parameters on key in-cylinder, which can assist in engine design for minimising soot deposition in the future.
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| 11 |
Experiment and Numerical Analysis of Temperature Field of Cylinder Head Based on a GW4D20 Diesel Engine |
Baoxin Zhao,Dingwei Gao,Jingqian Shen,Zheng Zhao,Hao Guan,Gang Liu,Ying Guan |
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Abstract
: The thermal stress field need to be evaluated for the problem of superheat of cylinder head. In this paper, the temperature field of the cylinder head of GW4D20 diesel engine was analyzed by experiment and simulation. .: By the coupled finite element method (FEM), the heat transfer simulation was carried out for the combustion chamber. The method coupled together the flow of circulating coolant, the convective heat transfer of gas in-cylinder, and the heat conduction of main parts of diesel engine, such as cylinder block, cylinder head, cylinder gasket, valve seat, valve guide and so on, which were regarded as a coupled unit. The same 3D Fluid–Solid Coupled simulation analysis was also made for an improved scheme. Finally, the results of the simulation would be compared with the experimental results based on hardness plug method. .: Temperature field of head was calculated by 3D Fluid–Solid Coupled simulation analysis exactly. The problem of superheat of GW4D20 diesel engine cylinder head was solved finally with the change of increasing baffle for each cylinder. .: In addition to the study on head temperature field, it also needed to consider the effect of other assembly parts and thermal mechanical fatigue of the cylinder head. The lack of experimental data limited the role of FEA in cylinder head design. .: The nucleate boiling was applied to research how to influence the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of coolant side. Wall temperature of coolant jacket which was obtained by FEA in each case was made as real wall boundary of further computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation and more actual heat boundary of coolant side were mapped. Finally, real Fluid–Solid Coupled simulation analysis was realized and the temperature field of cylinder head was further assessed. .: The improvement scheme with increasing baffle is more feasible than the original one. And, the simulation results by the Fluid.Solid Coupled method showed a good agreement with the experimental results on an engine test bench.
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| 12 |
Development and Validation of a Quasi-Dimensional Model for (M)Ethanol-Fuelled SI Engines |
Jeroen Vancoillie,Louis Sileghem,Joachim Demuynck,Sebastian Verhelst |
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Abstract
Methanol and ethanol are interesting spark ignition engine fuels, both from a production and an end-use point of view. Despite promising experimental results, the full potential of these fuels remain to be explored. In this respect, quasi-dimensional engine simulation codes are especially useful as they allow cheap and fast optimization of engines. The aim of the current work was to develop and validate such a model for methanol-fuelled engines. Several laminar burning velocity correlations and turbulent burning velocity models were implemented in a QD code and their predictive performance was assessed for a wide range of engine operating conditions. The effects of compression ratio and ignition timing on the in-cylinder combustion were well reproduced irrespective of the employed .. correlation or .. model. However, to predict the effect of changes in mixture composition, the correlation and model selection proved crucial. Compared to existing correlations, a new correlation developed by the current authors led to better reproduction of the effects of equivalence ratio and residual gas content and the combustion duration. For the turbulent burning velocity, the models of Damköhler and Peters consistently underestimated the influence of equivalence ratio and residual gas content on the combustion duration, while the Gülder, Leeds, Zimont and Fractals model corresponded well with the experiments. The combination of one of these models with the new .. correlation can be used with confidence to simulate the performance and efficiency of methanol-fuelled engines.
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| 13 |
A Development of Simplified Turbocharger Transient Heat Transfer Simulation Method (First Report) |
Kyung Sub Sung,Kil Min Moon,Dong Ho Chu,Sang Joon Park |
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Abstract
Repeated temperature inversion (compression/expansion) causes durability problem of twin-scroll type turbocharger during Motoring Mode thermal cycle durability test. The conventional simulation method takes 4 months to solve transient heat transfer problem of turbocharger including reverse engineering of turbine blade to have a blade CAD. Therefore, only experimental method was affordable to resolve the problem. From conduction of this study, By conduction of this study, we were able to reduce the transient simulation time up to 2 weeks and support CAE solutions for the durability problem, compression of development duration and reduction of number of experiments.
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| 14 |
A Detailed Analysis of the Initiation of Abnormal Combustion with Reaction Kinetics and Multi-cycle Simulation |
Michael Heiss,Nikola Bobicic,Thomas Lauer,Bernhard Geringer,Simon Schmuck-Soldan |
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Abstract
For highly boosted gasoline engines with direct injection (DI) the operating conditions with lowest fuel consumption are restricted by irregular combustion like knocking. Therefore, the initiation mechanism for knocking was the subject of this research work. A 4-cylinder DI test engine that was provided by GM Europe was set up at the institute’s test bench. Experimental data at low speed at the knock limit (2–3 knock events per 100 cycles) were the basis for numerical investigations. A 1D multi-cycle simulation of gas-exchange and combustion was applied to calculate the in-cylinder properties and charge composition for the knocking cycles. Additionally, a CFD-simulation was carried out in order to obtain the spatial in cylinder distribution of temperature, mixture and residual gas. These results served to set up a stochastic reactor model including the full chemistry of the low and high temperature combustion. The model was initialised with the boundary conditions of the knocking cycle and the temperature and concentration distributions from the CFD-simulation. This method enabled the analysis of knocking combustion on the basis of chemical principles. The results of the multi-cycle analysis showed that important charge properties like the charge temperature at inlet valve closing or the internal residual gas fraction were within a narrow range over all cycles. Furthermore it could be shown that the burn duration for converting 2 % of the fuel mass correlated with cycles showing autoignition. All cycles with an accelerated early flame development showed an irregular heat release later on during the combustion phase. A detailed modelling of this behaviour was carried out for the stochastic reactor model. It could be shown that only with an initial reactor temperature distribution according to the CFD simulation, which included hot regions, the autoignition occurred as early as in the measurement. The formation of typical intermediate species for the low temperature oxidation leading to autoignition could be described. Finally, a possibility was shown to introduce quasi-spatial information of the flame propagation into the zero dimensional reactor model. In this way critical regions for knocking were identified in accordance with optical measurements of knock sources on the test bench. Most theoretical investigations on abnormal combustion are based on a simplified approach considering the mean cycle for a given operating point. However, abnormal combustion never occurred for the mean cycle but rather for a very early cycle. For that reason, this work focused especially on the detailed reconstruction of a measured knocking cycle with reaction kinetics. Considering the effect of temperature inhomogeneities and flame propagation on knock initiation in a stochastic reactor model is thereby a new and innovative approach.
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| 15 |
Modeling of Six Cylinder Diesel Engine Crankshafts to Verify Belt Load Limits |
Kumar B. Dinesh,M. Nagarajan,Patil Shankar,P. Mahesh,N. Muralitharan |
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Abstract
This chapter presents the advantage of using system based model analysis to assess the dynamic behaviour of an internal combustion engine crankshaft. The crankshaft model couples the structural dynamics and the main bearing hydrodynamic lubrication using a system approach. The scope of this chapter is the study of the crankshaft strength and main bearing structural integrity which limits the front end belt loads. Basically there are two limiting factors for the belt loads: 1. The crankshaft strength limits the belt loads in vertical upward direction due to the superposition with the maximum gas load. 2. The front end main bearing limits the belt loads in horizontal direction due to the restricted load carrying capacity in the area of the split line. Crank Train simulation for the following was performed: 1. Torsional analysis. 2. Bearing analysis. 3. Strength analysis. In this work Torsional Vibration (TV) trials were conducted on 5.7l 6-cylinder Euro3 160HP Turbocharged Intercooled Diesel Engine in test bed and Crankshaft fatigue testing was done. The data of these experimental investigations were used for model validation and correlation of Crank Train Simulation results. According to design criteria, regarding structural integrity, the maximum recommended vibration amplitudes per order at the crankshaft front end are in the range of 0.20–0.25. for in-line six cylinder engines. The analysis considers a Torsional Vibration Damper (TVD) assembled to the crankshaft front-end along with additional pulley for power take-off, this is used to drive AC compressor and other auxiliary units (FEAD-Front End Auxiliary Drive) as shown in Figs. . and ..
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| 16 |
Model-Based Control and Calibration for Air-Intake Systems in Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engines |
Kunihiko Suzuki,Seiji Asano |
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop model-based methodologies, which employ thermo-fluid dynamic engine simulation and multiple-objective optimization schemes, for engine control and calibration, and to validate the reliability of the method using a dynamometer test. In our technique, creating a total engine system model begins by first entirely capturing the characteristics of components affecting the engine system’s behaviour, then using experimental data to strictly adjust the tuning parameters in physical models. Engine outputs over the engine operation conditions determined by design of experiment (DOE) are simulated, followed by fitting the provided dataset using a nonlinear response surface model (RSM) to express the causal relationship among engine operational parameters, environmental factors and engine output. The RSM is applied to an L-jetronic® air-intake system control logic for a turbocharged engine. Coupling the engine simulator with a multi-objective genetic algorithm, the optimal valve timings are investigated from the viewpoints of fuel consumption rate, emissions and torque. The calibrations are made over all the operation points; the control map is implemented in the turbocharged air-intake system control logic. The validation of the control logic was demonstrated using a model-in-the-loop simulation (MILS). The logic output of the charging efficiency transition due to the varying throttle valve opening angle and variable valve timing was compared with the simulator output. According to the results of the MILS, in-cylinder air mass estimations are in good agreement with the engine simulator under several transient operations.
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| 17 |
Study on Dynamics Modeling and Analysis of Valvetrains |
Caiyun Guan,Wenjie Qin,Xiaobo Wang |
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Abstract
In this paper, the one-mass model of the valve train of one engine is developed and parameters of the model are determined. Finite element method is used to calculate the nonlinear contact stiffness of between the cam and the follower. It is observed that the contact stiffness changes little with the rotation angle of the cam and have a nonlinear relationship with the contact load. Dynamic performance testing equipment is used to measure the motion characteristics of the valve train and the simulation results of the dynamics model are compared with measured data at the same speeds. The simulated results show that both cases of applications of the linear and nonlinear contact stiffness are in good agreement with the experimental results at low speeds. But at high speeds, model of nonlinear contact stiffness is more closely meet the experimental results.
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:06:37
