| 书目名称 | Photojournalism: A Social Semiotic Approach | | 编辑 | Helen Caple | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/747/746542/746542.mp4 | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | This book explores the role of photographs in newspapers and online news, analyzing how meanings are made in images and exploring text-image relations, illustrated with authentic news stories from both print and online news outlets. | | 出版日期 | Book 2013 | | 关键词 | Photojournalism; media; text; image; news; discourse; journalism; Online; discourse analysis | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314901 | | isbn_softcover | 978-1-349-33666-1 | | isbn_ebook | 978-1-137-31490-1 | | copyright | Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013 |
| 1 |
,Introducing the multisemiotic news story, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
News is about the reporting of events. These events usually involve people and their actions, which are represented in newsprint and on our screens through both pictures and words: that is, through the multisemiotic news story. In today’s digital world, this multisemiotic news story can be presented in a wide variety of ways, as demonstrated in Figure 1.1, and may involve still and/or moving images, and written and/or spoken text..
|
| 2 |
,News values and the multisemiotic news story, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
As events unfold in the real world, some of them will be reported in the news media and some of them will not. What takes an event into the news has been described by Galtung and Ruge (1965) as a threshold which an event has to cross before it will be registered as news. This threshold has been theorized in Media Studies as ‘news values’. As Bednarek (2006, p. 18, italics in original) points out: ‘[n]ews values explain what makes news. They are of great importance in deciding . gets covered and . it gets covered, i.e. concerning the selection and presentation of news stories.’ Brighton and Foy (2007, p. 1) also state that news values ‘… give journalists and editors a set of rules — often intangible, informal, almost unconscious elements — by which to work, from which to plan and execute the content of a publication or broadcast.’ Such views are also supported through recent ethnographic research, which suggests that news values ‘govern each stage of the reporting and editing process’ (Cotter 2010, p. 73). Prevalent in most research is an emphasis on news values as codes, rules, criteria or beliefs held and applied by news professionals. Also prevalent in the research on news values is the primary focus on news values in relation to words rather than photographs. However, news photography has also been shown to relate to news values (Hall 1981; Craig 1994; Caple 2009b; Bednarek and Caple 2012a).
|
| 3 |
,The multiple functionality of news images, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
In this chapter, I take a functional approach to the analysis of press photographs in and of themselves. This approach draws on the grammar of visual design, that is, the systems of meaning-making for images introduced by Kress and van Leeuwen (1990/1996, 2006). For SFL theorists who are working with multimodal texts, this work has proved an invaluable resource, and one that is compatible with the metafunctional approach (see below) introduced by Halliday (e.g. 1985) for the analysis of verbal text. Briefly here, Kress and van Leeuwen argue that images, like language, fulfil three major functions (2006, p. 15). Using Halliday’s terms, images represent the world around us . and images enact social relationships ., images also present a coherent whole, which is both internally coherent and coherent in relation to its environment. As far as the visual is concerned, Kress and van Leeuwen label these three metafunctions: representation (ideational), interaction (interpersonal), and composition (textual). Throughout the chapter, I will explain and illustrate Kress and van Leeuwen’s metafunctional approach to image analysis by making specific reference to the realization of these functions in the work of press photographers. At the same time, I will draw on the analysis of the 1000 images in the image-nuclear news story corpus (INNSC) and demonstrate the range of meanings that dominate this particular set of news images.
|
| 4 |
,Composition and aesthetic value in press photography, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
Press photographers are rarely acknowledged as having any concern for composition or for aesthetic value in the taking of their photographs. Rather, as noted in Chapter 1, their photographs are labelled as record/proof/witness or seeing history. However, as demonstrated by the many industry awards, among them the internationally renowned World Press Photo competition, beauty in press photography is a valued component. In relation to the kinds of photographs that succeed in such competitions, World Press Photo Chair of the Jury in 2007, Michelle McNally, states: ‘it is always the pictures that incite public reaction… [that have] an aesthetic component drawing the viewer in, urging them to learn more’ that turn those fleeting critical moments that flash before our eyes into lasting memories. In previous research (Caple 2009b), I have attempted to devise a system of compositional analysis — the Balance network — that captures the ways in which the aesthetic component of a press photograph can be realized (for a simplified version of this approach see Bednarek and Caple 2012a). In this chapter, I introduce my latest theorizing of the analytical framework of Balance in composition, and apply this to the analysis of images as they appear in the multisemiotic news story. First, though, I will explore the theoretical underpinnings motivating this approach to compositional analysis.
|
| 5 |
,Text-image relations in news discourse Part 1: Image as Nucleus, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
Photographs and the words used to describe them can never enjoy a one-to-one relationship; however, they can and do enter into cooperative relationships with each other. In the next three chapters I will explore these relationships in detail as they apply to press photographs in print publications (in Chapters 5 and 6) and in online news galleries (in Chapter 7). Visuals are commonly analysed in isolation for their representational, interactional and compositional meanings (as noted in Chapters 3 and 4) or in terms of their position on the page; however, they are rarely analysed rhetorically in relation to the verbal text they accompany in the news story context. Just as the headline, lead and body paragraphs have been described in terms of their rhetorical relations (see for example White 1997; Feez, Iedema and White 2008), questions could also be asked regarding the relations between words and images within a news story. For example, does the image restate the meanings present in the verbal text? Does it extend those meanings to offer more depth to our understanding of the text? Or does it deviate from the meanings present in the verbal text and thus leave the reader wondering as to the relevance of the image for this story? And how much of the text does it relate to? The whole text? Part of it? None of it? These are important questions concerning the intersemiotic relations that hold between text and image in the news story context, which will be specifically addressed in Chapters 5 and 6. Another key concern relates to sequences of images (e.g. in televisual news bulletins or in online news galleries) and the intrasemiotic relations that hold between images/words in a sequence.
|
| 6 |
,Text-image relations in news discourse Part 2: Image as Satellite, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
In Chapter 5, I examined a particular type of news reporting where images are given prominence in the news story structure. This prominence is not only contingent on the intersemiotic relations that hold between text and image but also on the spatial configurations both of the elements within the story and its position on the page in relation to other stories. In this chapter, I take up further discussion of page/story layout, and include analysis of text—image relations in other types of news reporting, where images do not necessarily play such a central role in the functional structure. Thus the focus here will be on the usefulness of viewing images as satellites in the functional structure of the news story. In order to achieve this, more detailed exploration of the types of relations that hold between words and images is required. This includes examining whether notions such as lexical cohesion or semantic ties (Halliday and Hasan 1985, p. 73) as well as the conjunctive relations of elaboration, extension and enhancement (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004, p. 541) can be usefully applied to intersemiotic text/sense relations. I will also discuss the spatial/layout configurations of multimodal news stories and how these impact on the ways in which readers may chunk information on the page. Again, throughout the chapter I will draw on authentic examples from various news organizations and professional photographers in my analysis of intersemiosis in news discourse.
|
| 7 |
,Text-image relations in news discourse Part 3: Sequences of images, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
Chapters 5 and 6 have focused quite specifically on key intersemiotic relations between words and images in print news stories that typically draw on a single photographic image in the retelling of an event. In this chapter, I will focus on intrasemiotic relations in other forms of news discourse where sequences of multiple images are used to tell a story. Quite specifically, I will draw on instances where sequences of still images are used together in online news galleries and examine the extent to which cohesive visual narratives are formed within that sequence of images..
|
| 8 |
,Evolving practices, |
Helen Caple |
|
Abstract
In this final chapter, I review the principal aims of this book and what researchers of multisemiotic news stories should be able to do with the analytical frameworks that have been discussed here. Naturally, there are areas of research that are beyond the purview of this book, so I will also point to some of these, as well as highlighting key topics that could be taken up by researchers interested in furthering the approaches that I discuss in this volume. This final chapter also examines the role of images and image capture in the evolving mediascape. This is important, since the impact that technologies are having on journalistic practice cannot be underestimated and do and will provide a rich backdrop of angles from which to interpret a social semiotic analysis of news discourse.
|
|
|
|Archiver|手机版|小黑屋|
派博传思国际
( 京公网安备110108008328)
GMT+8, 2025-7-15 06:30
发表于 2025-3-21 18:29:26
