| 书目名称 | PET in Oncology | | 编辑 | Stefan Dresel | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Includes supplementary material: | | 丛书名称 | Recent Results in Cancer Research | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .In the management of oncologic diseases, modern imaging modalities contribute heavily to the decision of which form of treatment - local or systemic, surgical or interdisciplinary - will be most efficient. The addition of functional image information to conventional staging procedures helps improve the diagnostic pathway...The information needed for therapeutic management and for follow-up can be provided by correlative imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) or PET/CT...This book is a comprehensive compilation of the accumulated knowledge on PET and PET/CT in oncology, covering the entire spectrum from solidly documented indications, such as staging and monitoring of lung and colorectal cancer, to the application of PET/CT in head and neck surgery, gynecology, radiation therapy, urology, pediatrics etc. It is aimed at nuclear medicine and radiology specialists as well as physicians interested in the possibilities and limitations of PET and PET/CT in oncology.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2008 | | 关键词 | CT; PET/CT; Staging; Tumor; cancer; computed tomography (CT); gynecology; imaging; pediatrics; positron emiss | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31203-1 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-540-31203-1Series ISSN 0080-0015 Series E-ISSN 2197-6767 | | issn_series | 0080-0015 | | copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 |
| 1 |
,PET and PET/CT: Basic Principles and Instrumentation, |
M.-J. Martínez,S. I. Ziegler,Th. Beyer |
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Abstract
The increasing role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis and staging of malignant disease and monitoring of therapy response can be attributed to significant improvements made in the performance of this imaging technology. Anticipated progress is frequently constrained by the physics of PET, and current designs of PET scanners aim at an ultimately high spatial resolution and sensitivity as well as improved signal-to-noise properties. Recent advances in the field of PET instrumentation include the introduction of novel scintillation crystal technology and detector electronics, as well as the widespread introduction of fast and efficient, iterative image reconstruction algorithms for fully three-dimensional (3D) PET data sets. These advances have led to a dramatic reduction in clinical imaging times while improving image quality. Finally, the combination of functional imaging and computed tomography (CT) within a combined PET/CT tomograph provides a tool to accurately localise functional abnormalities in an anatomical context.
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| 2 |
,Radiopharmacy, |
R. Michael |
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Abstract
The field of radiochemistry/radiopharmacy deals with the production, testing and application of radioactive drugs. Radiopharmacy has been gaining increasing significance with the further development of PET technology and advances in nuclear medicine and radiation oncology therapy. The recent development of PET scan technology, particularly in combination with computed tomography (PET/CT), has largely established the use of PET as a diagnostic method in oncology. This development increasingly demands the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals as a further basis for the development of the PET method.
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| 3 |
,Brain Tumors, |
G. Pöpperl,K. Tatsch,F.-W. Kreth,J.-C. Tonn |
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Abstract
Primary brain tumors may develop from different cell types including glial cells, neurons, neuroglial precursor cells, the meninges, cells of the hypophysis, or lymphocytes. The incidence of primary brain tumors varies between subtypes which are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on their cellular origin, the clinical course and histological appearance of the neoplasms, immunophenotypic features, and the mo-lecular/cytogenic profile. The most frequent and difficult to treat primary brain tumors are gliomas, which are divided into two main categories: astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. Glial tumors are graded pathologically on the basis of the most malignant area identified regarding the presence or absence of nuclear atypia, mitosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. Accurate pathological grading is essential because it defines treatment and prognosis.
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| 4 |
,PET/CT Imaging in Head and Neck Tumors, |
R. Rödel |
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Abstract
Head and neck cancer is the 10th most common cancer in the world [.], accounting for 2%-5% of all malignant cancers [., ., .]. The incidence worldwide is greater than 35,000 cases per year with approximately 20 in 100,000 males, who are affected twice as often as females. The incidence is increasing, particularly in younger patients and in women [.]. More than 20% of patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer will develop a second or third primary tumor, due to susceptibility of the mucosa to carcinomatous change [.].
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| 5 |
,PET and PET/CT in Thyroid Cancer, |
H. Palmedo,M. Wolff |
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer can be divided into three main groups: tumors with follicle cell differentiation (differentiated thyroid cancer), tumors with C-cell differentiation (medullary thyroid cancer), and anaplastic carcinomas. The insular carcinoma takes an intermediate place between differentiated and anaplastic cancer. Within the category of differentiated cancers, a distinction is made between papillary and follicular tumors. Papillary tumors are found most frequently and several subtypes are defined referring to tumor capsule invasion, the extent of invasion, the presence of sclerosis and oncocytic or oxyphil cells. The last subtype is also called Hürthle-cell carcinoma and is of critical importance because iodine uptake is often low or completely missing. C-cell cancer can develop spontaneously or be genetically determined as familial medullary cancer or in a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN-2a/ MEN-2b).
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| 6 |
,Esophageal Cancer, |
H. A. Wieder,A. Stahl,F. Lordick,K. Ott |
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks among the ten most common malignancies in the world and is a frequent cause of cancer-related death. However, carcinomas of the esophagus are a heterogeneous group of tumors in terms of etiology, histopathology, and epidemiology. In the upper two-thirds of the esophagus squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) predominate, with alcohol and smoking being the main risk factors. Carcinomas of the distal esophagus/ esophagogastric junction, on the other hand, are mostly adenocarcinomas. The primary etiological factors for adenocarcinomas are gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity, whereas alcohol and smoking seem to play no major roles. Adenocarcinomas arise from metaplastic epithelial cells at the esophagogastric junction, which have been transformed into an intestinal type mucus layer in response to prolonged irritation from gastric juice.
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| 7 |
,Lung Cancer, |
H. C. Steinert |
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer and is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide for both women and men. The common types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Accurate tumor staging is essential for choosing the appropriate treatment strategy in lung cancer. In NSCLC, surgical resection offers the best chance for cure. However, curable surgical resection is only possible for early stages of NSCLC (no contralateral mediastinal lymph node metastases, no distant metastases). Patients with SCLC are treated with chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is the most common cancer of the pleura. MPM usually develops at least 20–30 years after asbestos exposure. The treatment consists of a tri-modality therapy, including chemotherapy, radical surgery, and radiation treatment.
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| 8 |
,FDG-PET and PET/CT in Malignant Lymphoma, |
S. N. Reske |
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Abstract
FDG-PET and FDG PET/CT have been developed as sophisticated functional imaging methods for evaluating important aspects of the biology and clinical management of malignant tumors in patients, particularly of patients with malignant lymphoma. Due to highly increased glycolysis in most malignant lymphomas, FDG is the mostly preferred radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of lymphomas. Interestingly, however, one of the earliest reports of PET imaging in lymphoma used C-11-methionine for assessment of viability of a residual mass in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) after radiation therapy [.], In a letter to The Lancet, Leskinnen-Kallio and colleagues made the far-sighted statement that “PET may be a new way of detecting viable malignant tissue“ [.]. Since that time, many reports have shown use and value of PET and more recently of PET/CT imaging of malignant lymphomas for pretherapeutic staging, therapy control, interim response assessment of various combinations of radio-, chemo-,immuno- and radioimmunotherapy [.–.] and evaluation of prognosis [.–.].
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| 9 |
,PET in Colorectal Cancer, |
S. Dresel,P. M. Schlag |
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Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer is approximately 400,000 new cases per year in Western Europe and the United States [.–.]. This tumor entity represents the second most malignant disease, and colorectal cancer ranks second as a cause of cancer death in the United States. Nearly 57,000 patients died of colorectal cancer in 2004 [.]. Early diagnosis is the key to long-term survival. The American Cancer Society screening guidelines suggest yearly fecal occult blood test plus flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years beginning at age 50 for asymptomatic individuals with no risk factors. All positive tests are followed up with colonoscopy and biopsy if needed. Surgical resection is the optimal treatment for colorectal cancer, which is a highly curable disease if detected in its early stages. Preoperative imaging with abdominal computed tomography (CT) and endorectal ultrasound is the standard of care for rectal carcinomas to determine the need for neo-adjuvant treatment although it has limited sensitivity [.].
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| 10 |
,FDG-PET and FDG-PET/CT in Breast Cancer, |
A. Haug,R. Tiling,H. L. Sommer |
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant disease in women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. In Germany, 46,000 women per year suffer from breast cancer. Of these women, 18,000 died from it [.]. In the USA, 211,240 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in 2004 and 40,410 died from it. The incidence has been increasing from 1940 until the present, to 110 per 100,000 women annually, and is higher in white women then in African-Americans. Statistics indicate that one in nine women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime [.].
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| 11 |
,Gynecologic Tumors, |
M. J. Reinhardt |
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Abstract
Five years ago, a summary of the literature estimated the average sensitivity and specificity of positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging using 2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) across all oncologic applications at 84% and 88%, respectively [.]. The average management change due to the results of FDG-PET imaging was estimated to be 30% [.]. These results make metabolic imaging with FDG-PET an alternative and sometimes complimentary tool to morphologic cross-sectional imaging procedures, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In the female reproductive tract, FDG-PET imaging has mainly been applied to primary diagnosis in ovarian and cervical cancer, detection of recurrence in cervical and ovarian cancer, monitoring therapy response in ovarian cancer, and evaluation of individual prognosis in ovarian and cervical cancer. Furthermore, several papers in recent years focused on the diagnostic value of the new dual-modality FDG-PET/CT in ovarian and cervical tumors.
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| 12 |
,Cutaneous Melanoma, |
M. J. Reinhardt |
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Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing dramatically in people with light-colored skin in all parts of the world [.]. In 2004, an estimated 55,000 Americans were diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma, and 7,900 died from the disease [.]. Melanoma prognosis is linked to the stage at diagnosis. Fortunately, most new patients are diagnosed early in the clinical course of disease, when it can be cured with excision of the primary tumor and sentinel lymphadenectomy. Histologie confirmation of diagnosis and microstaging with an accurate tumor thickness are essential before embarking on treatment [., .]. Invasive primary melanomas to a depth of 2.0 mm or less without ulceration and negative nodal metastases are essentially curable, whereas melanomas of increasing depth become progressively less curable [., .]. Thus, the relationship between tumor thickness and 10-year survival rates is pivotal [.].
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| 13 |
,Value of PET and PET/CT in the Diagnostics of Prostate and Penile Cancer, |
B. Scher,M. Seitz,W. Albinger,M. Reiser,B. Schlenker,Ch. Stief,Ü. Mueller-Lisse,S. Dresel |
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Abstract
Prostate cancer accounts for the most frequent cancer in the elderly man and is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in Europe and the USA (.). An annual urological screening is generally recommended for male patients aged 45 years or older. A 50-year-old man with a 25-year life expectancy has a 42% risk of developing microscopic prostate cancer, a 9.5% risk of developing clinically evident prostate cancer, and a 3% risk of dying from this malignancy (.). The vast majority of prostate carcinomas originate in the peripheral portion (70%–80%) of the prostate gland and are frequently multifocal in appearance. Conventional diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected prostate cancer consists of digital rectal examination (DRE), assessment of the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). The use of PSA as a screening method combined with the increasing public awareness of prostate cancer as a malignant entity with high prevalence, has resulted in an increased detection rate.
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| 14 |
,Pediatrie PET: Indications and Value of Multimodal Imaging, |
Th. Pfluger,K. Hahn,I. Schmid |
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are diagnostic imaging modalities that allow visualization of morphological as well as functional features of different diseases in childhood. Both modalities are often used separately or even in competition. Some of the most important indications for both PET and MRI lie in the field of pediatrie oncology. The malignant diseases in children are leukemia, brain tumors, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas, Wilms’ tumor, and bone sarcomas. Apart from leukemia, correct assessment of tumor expansion with modern imaging techniques, mainly consisting of ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), is essential for cancer staging, for the choice of the best therapeutic approach, and for restaging after therapy or in recurrence [., .].
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| 15 |
,Cancer of Unknown Primary, |
L. S. Freudenberg,S. J. Rosenbaum-Krumme,A. Bockisch,W. Eberhardt,A. Frilling |
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Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is defined as malignancy without known origin at the time of the initial diagnosis, thus representing a heterogeneous group of tumors with varying clinical features. Between 0.5% and 7% of all cancer patients are diagnosed with cancer of an unknown primary tumor (.). Detected primary revealed lung cancer most often, followed by oropharynx carcinoma, nasopharynx, breast, colorectal, and esophagus carcinoma (.). Overall the primary tumor in CUP patients is detected in less than 40% of the patients by conventional diagnostic procedures, frequently after having performed many examinations in all patients. Moreover, even with autopsy the primary could only be detected in approximately 80%. Hypothesized reasons are a metastatic phenotype with a small size of the primary due to involution during the course of disease or an extremely slow growth rate, but none of the biological hypotheses is confirmed by results from the literature (.).
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| 16 |
,FDG-PET in Paraneoplastic Syndromes, |
R. Linke,R. Voltz |
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Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes are defined as clinical syndromes involving nonmetastatic systemic effects that accompany malignant disease. In a broad sense, these syndromes are collections of symptoms that result from substances produced or induced by the tumor, and they occur remotely from the tumor itself. These syndromes may occur in 10%–15% of malignancies, and they may be the first or most prominent manifestation. However, this incidence could be underestimated and as many as 50% of cancer patients will have paraneoplastic symptoms at some time during their illness [.]. Paraneoplastic syndromes typically affect middle-aged to older people and are most common in patients with lung, ovarian, or breast cancer (Table 16.1). Although these syndromes are rare disorders, recognition is important because clinical manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes may precede those of the underlying malignancy by months or even years [., .]. Early recognition followed by a search for the cause of the paraneoplastic symptoms facilitates preclinical detection and early treatment of the malignancy [., ., ., .].
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| 17 |
,PET and PET/CT with F-18 Fluoride in Bone Metastases, |
H. Palmedo,C. Grohé,Y. Ko,S. Tasci |
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the male patient [.]. In Germany, 29,000 men died of lung cancer in the year 1995. The mortality rate has decreased slightly in the last few decades to 45 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. For women, lung cancer represents the third most common malignant tumor, increasing steadily over the last few decades. Therefore, the standardized mortality rate has reached a level of 9.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year for the year 1995 [.].
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| 18 |
,Receptor PET/CT Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors, |
R. P. Baum,V. Prasad,M. Hommann,D. Hörsch |
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Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to Gustav Hör, Professor Emeritus and former Director of the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
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| 19 |
,PET and PET/CT in Radiotherapy, |
S. Könemann,M. Weckesser |
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Abstract
Many aspects have to be considered in planning, applying, and following up radiotherapy procedures. This field poses a major challenge for diagnostic techniques. The first goal in the definition of multimodal oncological therapy concepts is to identify the patients who benefit from a definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy. After the decision for radiotherapy, the sequential process of radiotherapy planning and application has to be initiated. The basic principle is the exploitation of the therapeutic ratio, i.e., obtaining a high tumor dose and maximal protection of the surrounding normal tissue at risk. Computed tomography (CT) is an integral part of radiotherapy planning. Aside from its diagnostic value of tumor and neighboring normal tissue identification, the radiographie density matrix of CT is the basis for calculating the three-dimensional dose distribution. Positron emission tomography (PET) is not yet established as a standard in radio-oncological concept and procedure.
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发表于 2025-3-21 19:10:15
