Titlebook: One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences; Bretislav Friedrich,Dieter Hoffmann,Martin Wolf Conference proc

要素

Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warpoisonous weapons. Legal restrictions on war technologies reached a provisional peak at the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. During World War I, the attitude of the German military became more radical, to the point of evading and denying international law. The silence in the face of the poison-ga

谦卑

黄油没有

The Gas War, 1915–1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure research, development, and production of gas warfare. If poison gas, like other conventional weapons, never broke the stalemate of the trenches, it evolved into a weapon of harassment that compounded the effects of conventional weapons and degraded the effectiveness of enemy forces compelled to wea

礼节

“Gas, Gas, Gaas!” The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europeefore imagined. This article examines the literary and artistic topics and forms used to express this ordeal by German, British and French writers, poets and painters, the majority of whom had fought in the war. There are striking similarities in their representation of the gas war: the impersonalit

有花

The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918–ing—and then making—variants of “poison gas” bred both fear and determination. The wartime creation and post-war struggles of the Chemical Warfare Service reveal the deep divisions these tensions caused, both during the war and through the 1920s, when the United States extensively debated, but faile

反复拉紧

The Soldier’s Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, ,, 1915–1933nd extent of injuries had been observed in cases of accident long before the outbreak of war. Nevertheless, detailed toxicological research was carried out in the toxicological department of Fritz Haber’s Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. War itself offered the opport

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Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germanyns conducted on inmates of the Nazi concentration camps in Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler, and Neuengamme during World War II. Some of the experiments were judged during the Nuremberg Medical Trial (Case I) and French military tribunals at Metz and Lyon after liberation. Based on this evidence and on fur

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小口啜饮

整洁

The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Bothhese new weapons. Using the example of the production sites of World War II, the setting in which the construction and operation of these factories took place will be described, as well as the structure of the facilities. It will be shown that it was not only Fritz Haber’s former colleagues who made