Titlebook: Observational Studies; Paul R. Rosenbaum Book 2002Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media New York 2002 Analysis.Bias.Observational

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Book 2002Latest edition has been extensively rewritten..Paul R. Rosenbaum is Robert G. Putzel Professor, Department of Statistics, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association.

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Randomized Experiments,isher, who is usually credited with the invention of randomization, which he called the “reasoned basis for inference” in experiments. Later sections discuss the meaning of this phrase, that is, the link between randomization and statistical methods. Most of the material in this chapter is quite old.

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Known Effects, groups. Still, all observational studies are sensitive to sufficiently large biases, and large biases have occurred on occasion; see §4.4.3. A sensitivity analysis shows how biases of various magnitudes might alter conclusions, but it does not indicate whether biases are present or what magnitudes are plausible.

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Planning an Observational Study,reatment effects are seen clearly because the environment is tightly controlled, whereas in a compelling observational study, control is, to a large extent, replaced by choice—the environment is carefully chosen.

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Overt Bias in Observational Studies,ay be applied to matched or stratified data from an observational study. This chapter discusses a model for an observational study in which there is overt bias but no hidden bias. The model is, at best, one of many plausible models, but it does clarify when methods for randomized experiments may be

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Paul R. Rosenbaumen mit diesen ansteckenden Krankheiten gedient hat, ist infiziert; gelangt nun solches Wasser in die Nähe nicht einwandfrei angelegter Brunnen, so ist eine Übertragung der Krankheitserreger ohne weiteres möglich. Ähnlich verhält es sich auch, wenn Eier .) von Eingeweidewürmern in das Trinkwasser hin

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Paul R. RosenbaumWasser für den gewünschten Zweck geeignet, oder ob es verunreinigt ist oder nicht. — Bei dieser Art der Untersuchung ist zu berücksichtigen, daß es häufig nicht leicht ist, ausführliche und genaue Prüfungen von Wasser an der Entnahmestelle auszuführen, da man teils alle hierzu erforderlichen Reagenz