| 书目名称 | Obesity | | 副标题 | Clinical, Surgical a | | 编辑 | Shamim I. Ahmad | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/701/700107/700107.mp4 | | 概述 | Covers how to apply the latest management strategies and technologies applicable to these patients.Describes how to perform a range of relevant bariatric surgical procedures.Features a section on comp | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This heavily revised second edition comprehensively examines the causes and effects of obesity, both on the human body as well as society as a whole. The significance obesity plays in the development of a variety of lethal and non-lethal diseases is discussed, and the prevention and treatment of obesity are looked at in detail. Treatment strategies such as bariatric surgical techniques and descriptions of how to apply the latest assessment technologies are provided for obese adult and pediatric patients. A new section to this edition covers the impact of COVID-19 on obese patients and how it can create extra complications... ..Obesity: Clinical, Surgical and Practical Guide. describes how to best treat and manage individuals with obesity utilizing the latest methodologies. Furthermore, it brings together a large number of international specialists in their field, making it a valuable resource for gastroenterologists, surgeons, researchers, dieticians, physicians, and healthcare providers.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2024Latest edition | | 关键词 | Adipose Tissue; Anti-Obesity Drugs; Dietitians; Effects of Obesity; Obesity Reduction | | 版次 | 2 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62491-9 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-031-62493-3 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-031-62491-9 | | copyright | The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl |
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Introduction and Impact of Obesity |
Angela Golden |
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The rates of preobesity (overweight) and obesity are increasing worldwide .WHO, 2016). Rates have tripled since 1975 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Two trillion dollars cost to the global economy puts obesity spending in line with armed conflicts and smoking combined [13]. Throughout our health profession education, obesity has long been considered a calculation of calories in and calories out, todays science clearly delineates obesity pathophysiology as a complex dysregulation of the energy regulation system. Obesity’s adiposopathy impacts almost every system in the body with over 200 obesity associated disorders now identified including 14 cancers. The impact of obesity touches individuals, public health, economies, and the healthcare system.
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The Obese Brain |
Sara Carmo-Silva,Clévio Nóbrega |
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This chapter explores the complex relationship between the brain and body weight regulation, focusing on the disruptive impact of obesity. The brain, specifically the hypothalamus, plays a central role in regulating food intake and energy balance. We focus into the contribution of several brain regions, neurotransmitters, and hormones in this complex regulation, revealing a finely tuned system governing hunger and satiety. Obesity, a global health challenge, compromises the brain‘s regulatory mechanisms. We highlight the molecular and structural alterations it induces, impacting hormonal and neurotransmitter signalling. We revisit some brain imaging studies that offer insights into how obesity promotes different structural changes within the brain, promoting impaired neuronal activity and connectivity, and brain atrophy. These changes directly correlate obesity and complex disorders such as dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, we discuss the current therapeutic approaches for obesity, which encompass lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, and anti-obesity medications. The future of obesity treatment lies in personalized medi
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Obesity and Inflammation Lead to Insulin Resistance and Cancer—A Systematic Review |
Md. Shafiul Hossen,Md Abdul Barek,Mohammad Safiqul Islam |
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Adipose tissue mass is increased in obese people due to the increasing size and number of adipocytes. It significantly changes the adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators secretion that causes inflammation and insulin resistance. This chapter aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in adipose tissue mass and inflammation as well as their genetic linkage with cancer and insulin resistance. Previous studies recognized various inflammatory disorders that were developed in fatty persons due to the elevated level of inflammatory mediators, which contributes to the cabalistic role in the development of the disease. Furthermore, some factors, including leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, adiponectin, and so on, all contribute to carcinogenesis and carcinogenic progression. In addition, cytokines in obese adipose tissue promote the spread out of tumor cells, increasing metastatic potential. The elevated cytokine level is also associated with a worse outcome. Genetic association between different types of obesity susceptibility genes, including FTO, MC4R, Neurexin 3 (NRX3), ESR1, KCTD15, PNPLA3, and SAMM50 genes, and the risk of various cancers was also found in this
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Obesity-Induced Leptin-Signaling Pathways to Gynecologic Cancers |
Tahsin Tabassum,Salma Khan |
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Obesity is related to many major diseases and cancers. Obesity-linked leptin has been studied extensively in many cancer types. Leptin has been positively correlated with cancer progression in some cancers. There is a lack of knowledge to incorporate this discrepancy in cancer biology. Whether the defect is in the genome or in the signaling pathways still is not clear. We need to connect the dots to overcome genetic and obesity-linked leptin gene defects in cancer development. We incorporated two most important common gynecological cancers literature searches and highlighted both in vivo patient and animal models. The objective of this review is to highlight the lack of experimental approaches and the future need to overcome the discrepant results. This review offers up-to-date and cohesive views of both upstream and downstream pathways of leptin in gynecological cancers. The understanding of the pathogenesis will tie together all current evidence of similarities or differences in how leptin affects major types of cancers in women with the hope of designing better therapeutic strategies in the future for those obese/overweight women with cancers.
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Obesity and Hypertension |
Gino Seravalle,Guido Grassi |
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Obesity is a worldwide pandemic contributing to the hypertensive state and to the cardiovascular morbidity leading to an increase in hospitalizations, events and cost to the healthcare system. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been shown to be present both in obesity and obesity-induced hypertension. The increase in adrenergic tone and impairment in reflex mechanisms, renal hyperfiltration, activation of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, endothelial dysfunction and increase in oxidative stress have been clearly demonstrated. Also has been shown the involvement of adipokines and cytokines which have an important role in activating and sustaining the pathophysiologic processes associated with obesity. This is also the case for the involvement of the inflammatory and immune-system. The last part of this chapter regards the different approaches to obesity and obesity-induced hypertension, both pharmacological and surgical, without to forget that the first approach should be a good diet and change in life-style habits.
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Association Between Obesity in Women, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Adverse Obstetric Outcome |
Perrine Ginod,Michael H. Dahan |
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Obesity, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and the combination of both obesity and PCOS induce health implications, gynaecologic and obstetric complications throughout women’s’ reproductive life spans and beyond. During the first trimester of pregnancy, obese patients with PCOS are at increased risk of early pregnancy loss, repeated pregnancy loss, congenital anomalies, and developing early gestational diabetes mellitus. These women may benefit from pre-conceptional consultations and early screening for at risks complications. During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, PCOS patients irrelevant of obesity status, present with specific obstetrics complications likely linked to altered endometrial function mediated by hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance and infertility. Researchers have only recently studied the association between obesity and PCOS on obstetrical complications, and they described specific pregnancy and delivery complications in this population. Obese women with PCOS have greater risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, more gestational diabetes mellitus, chorioamnionitis, and caesarean section than do lean women
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The Impact of Hyperandrogenism in Female Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease Associated with Polycys |
Thomas M. Barber,Petra Hanson,Stephen Franks |
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There is a close association between female obesity and the development of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic dysfunction. This constellation of clinical features is most notable in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), although it also occurs in obese women outside the context of PCOS. The underlying mechanisms are complex and multi-directional, and include changes in adipose-related enzyme activities, and the effects of hyperinsulinemia (secondary to insulin resistance) as a co-gonadotrophin within the ovarian theca cells. Hyperinsulinemia also enhances adrenal androgen production and the pituitary release of LH, and suppresses the hepatic production of SHBG, thereby increasing the free androgen index. The development of hyperandrogenemia likely promotes a preponderance of visceral adipose tissue with its attendant effects on enhanced insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk. The close association of weight gain and female obesity with hyperandrogenism and cardiometabolic dysfunction provides a rationale for effective and sustained weight-loss as an excellent management strategy. This may be combined, in some women, with the administration of an an
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Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases or Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease—Which Is More Compreh |
Norberto C. Chávez Tapia,Paulina Vidal-Cevallos |
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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was first described in 1980. In 2020, a panel of experts proposed a change in nomenclature to “Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). The overall prevalence of MAFLD (39.22%) has been estimated to be higher than Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (25.24%). A more extensive study found that the discordant weighted prevalence in patients who met MAFLD criteria but not NAFLD was accounted for by patients with significant alcohol consumption and/or viral hepatitis. Patients with MAFLD are older, have a higher body mass index, and higher proportions of metabolic comorbidities. MAFLD and NAFLD have been similarly associated with a higher risk of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. An observational study found no differences between the prevalence of advanced fibrosis based on non-invasive scores when comparing NAFLD and MAFLD. A central argument for the change in nomenclature has been the problem associated with the negative form “non-alcoholic” to define the disease and its implications on disease awareness among healthcare workers, patients, and patients’ families. Some disputes that adding the term “metabolic” d
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Airway Management in Obese Patients |
Teresa López,José A. Sastre,Manuel Á. Gómez-Ríos |
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The prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide has seen a significant increase since 1980, with rates approximately doubling. Currently, more than one-third of the global population is classified as overweight or obese (Chooi et al. in Metabolism 2019:6–10, 2019 [.]). If the current trends persist, it is projected that 57.8% of the world’s population will be overweight or obese by the year 2030 (Kelly et al. in Int J Obes 32:1431–1437, 2008 [.]). As a consequence of this escalating trend, anesthesiologists, critical care physicians, and emergency physicians are encountering an increasing number of obese patients requiring elective or urgent procedures under general anesthesia, which often involves airway manipulation. Managing the airway in obese patients poses a considerable challenge due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics, which can lead to more rapid desaturation compared to lean patients. Consequently, a carefully planned approach to airway management in these individuals is crucial. It necessitates establishing alternative strategies in case the primary plan fails, as well as focusing on correct positioning, preoxygenation, apneic oxygenation, and
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Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome |
Lucia Fatima Campos Pedrosa,Bruna Zavarize Reis,Sephora Louyse Silva de Aquino Morais,Talita do Nasc |
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Vitamin D is a steroid whose primary function is maintaining serum calcium and phosphorus levels to ensure bone homeostasis. Overall, there are very high levels of inadequate vitamin D intake worldwide. Risk groups, including older people, pregnant and lactating women, individuals with osteoporosis, chronic renal failure, malabsorption syndromes, and obesity should be prioritized for screening vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The pathophysiological changes caused by MetS can interfere with the metabolic pathway of activation or the bioavailability of vitamin D, thus triggering vitamin D deficiency. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are proposed to underlie the effect of vitamin D on MetS components. Serum 25(OH)D concentration has been negatively associated with MetS components, such as fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and triglycerides. Among the genetic factors underlying the hereditary risk of MetS, some involve polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with vitamin D pathways. Studies have evidenced the association between VDR SNPs with MetS risk and MetS-related components, especially the lipid pro
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Bariatric Surgery in Class 1 Obesity |
Mehmet Ali Yerdel,Görkem Özgen |
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Obesity is still on the rise and remains as the second most common cause of preventable deaths following tobacco smoking. Since only a small portion of obese patients can achieve enough and sustainable weight loss by non-surgical methods, bariatric surgery became an invaluable option for the treatment of chronic obesity during the last decades. The undisputed evidence that weight reduction surgery extends life-span mainly had come from two sources. The data from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study (Lissner et al. in Eur J Clin Nutr 52(5):316–322, 1998 [.]; Carlsson et al. in N Engl J Med 383(16):1535–1543, 2020 [.]) and the data from the United States-UTAH (Adams et al. in N Engl J Med 377(12):1143–1155, 2017 [.]; Adams et al. in Obesity (Silver Spring) 31(2):574–585, 2023 [.]), both similarly and repeatedly showed the positive effect of bariatric surgery on longevity of life. This effect is mainly due to resolution of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk reduction and to some extent may also be due to cancer risk reduction. However, both the SOS and UTAH data comprised mainly patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m. and class 1 obese patients were vastly excluded du
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Neurosurgical Considerations for the Obese Patient |
Mrinmoy Kundu,Luis Rafael Moscote Salazar |
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The prevalence of obesity presents neurosurgeons with unique challenges in treating this patient population. This article reviews the various neurosurgical aspects and challenges associated with obese patients. It examines the impact of obesity on surgical risk assessment, anaesthetic management, positioning, intraoperative monitoring and postoperative care. In addition, we discuss the incidence of obesity-related complications and recommend weight management strategies before and after neurosurgical procedures. This chapter highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to address the specific needs and potential complications of obese patients undergoing neurosurgery. Understanding and addressing these aspects is essential to optimize patient outcomes and minimize surgical risks in this increasingly common population.
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The Physical Activities in Obesity |
Hidetaka Hamasaki |
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The global obesity pandemic is a critical health problem for humans. Physical activities (PA), including structured exercise and daily PA, have the key to solving this issue. This chapter aims to summarise the clinical evidence regarding the role of PA in the management of obesity and discuss how to use PA by obese individuals. The author overviewed a total of 9 systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing the effects of exercise interventions and 4 systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing the effects of PA promotions/interventions on obesity. Structured exercise programmes, especially the combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training, effectively decreased weight and improved body composition in obese individuals. Daily PA also decreased weight in obese individuals; however, the amount of its effect was small compared with structured exercise and body composition seemed not to be changed. Non-exercise activity, thermogenesis (NEAT) plays a key role in energy expenditure in humans. There are several studies investigating the effect of NEAT on health outcomes in humans; however, it is not thoroughly clarified due to the limitations of studies and the inaccuracy of
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The Effects of Omega 3 Supplementation on Obesity and Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Regre |
Farzad Shidfar,Mohammadhassan Sohouli |
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Despite the fact that Obesity and overweight are serious major health problems worldwide, fighting against them is also considered a challenging issue. Several interventional studies have evaluated the potential weight-reduction effect of omega 3. In order to obtain a better viewpoint from them, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of omega 3 supplementation on weight loss in the healthy and unhealthy population. For this Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched using standard keywords to identify all controlled trials investigating the weight loss effects of omega 3. Pooled weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were achieved by random-effects model analysis for the best estimation of outcomes. Thirty six studies were included in this systematic review and meta‐regression analysis. The pooled findings showed that omega 3 supplementation has an effect on lowering waist circumferences (WC) (weighted mean difference (WMD): − 0.57 cm, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 1.06 to − 0.07, . = 0.024) and body fat percent’s (WMD: − 0.78%, 95% CI: − 1.44 to − 0.13, . = 0.019) in humans compared with control groups
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Anti-obesity Effects of Anti-inflammatory Polyphenols |
Ceren Gezer |
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Accumulation of abnormal or excessive adipose tissue which poses a health risk is defined as obesity. Microenvironment of adipose tissue changes in obesity. Hypertrophy, infiltration of immune cells, hypoxia, and fibrosis as micro environmental changes have been occurring as a result of excessive lipid accumulation of adipocytes. Obesity associated inflammation basically depends on micro environmental changes of adipose tissue and dietary polyphenols can modify adipose tissue microenvironment against obesity. Various polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites, characterized as a phenolic compound. Polyphenols associated to obesity via anti-inflammatory roles are flavonoids, phenolic acids and non-flavonoids. Cell culture (especially 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and animal (especially C57BL/6J mice) studies indicated that polyphenols have anti-obesity effects via anti-inflammatory pathways. Mainly resveratrol and catechins have extensive studies on anti-obesity effects of anti-inflammatory polyphenols. In spite of this there is a lack of clinical studies to demonstrating the anti-inflammatory response of those polyphenols. Furthermore, bioavailability of polyphenols in human need is required
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