Titlebook: Nonlinear Economic Dynamics; Tönu Puu Book 1997Latest edition Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg 1997 bifurcation.business cycle.derivati

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Business Cycles: Continuous Space,ural way if we put the problem studied in a spatial setting by introducing interregional trade, and considering a dynamical process that evolves both in continuous space and time. This will be done in the simplest and most obvious way, i.e., by a linear import-export multiplier, as is in line with t

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Business Cycles: Discrete Time,ls of chaos for discrete time models. This is so because, before the tools of analysis, such as symbolic dynamics, can be applied to the continuous models we need to construct the return map on the Poincaré section for the orbit investigated. This, however, means that we first have to integrate the

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Differential Equations,l the oscillators, exemplified by the mathematical pendulum, or by the Samuelson-Hicks business cycle model if put in continuous time. It should be remembered that a second order differential equation, as characteristic of an oscillator, can always be put in the style of two coupled first order equations.

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Business Cycles: Continuous Time, output (=real income) combined to produce cyclical change was simple, surprising and convincing at the same time. This model if any qualifies for the attribute of scientific elegance. In passing it should be stressed that the Keynesian macroeconomic outlook was an essential background.

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Business Cycles: Discrete Time,dels we need to construct the return map on the Poincaré section for the orbit investigated. This, however, means that we first have to integrate the system over a complete cycle. The details of such an integration can easily become just much too complex.