Titlebook: Network Data Envelopment Analysis; Foundations and Exte Chiang Kao Book 2023Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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Basic Two-Stage Systems,ns. This type of system was first noticed by Charnes et al. (1986) in studying the performance of US Army recruitment. They found that army recruitment actually had two stages: creating awareness through advertising and signing contracts. To assess the impact of an input on the performance of the sy

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General Two-Stage Systems,on are consumed by the second division for production. Specifically, no intermediate products flow out of the system, and the second division does not consume other inputs supplied from outside, except for the intermediate products. However, it should be noted that real-world cases are usually more

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Multi-Stage Systems,o multiple stages to suit more general cases. As a matter of fact, many real-world systems have a multi-stage structure, with assembly lines as typical examples, where raw materials go through a number of workstations to become the final products. The meaning of multi-stage system in this context is

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Parallel Systems,e divisions of a system are arranged in sequence, one after another; in that the outputs of one division are the inputs of the next. In general, a division can start its operation only after its preceding divisions have finished their work. For the latter, all divisions of a system appear in paralle

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Mixed Systems,fied into series and parallel, with only a few left unclassified. The unclassified systems are basically mixtures of the series and parallel ones, which do not explicitly show the relationship between the system and division efficiencies. Once the relationship between the system and division efficie

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Dynamic Systems, specified period of time, or assume steady-state production, where capital or other quasi-fixed inputs are fixed. There is thus no time interdependence between the input utilization and output realization for a production unit in consecutive time periods, and these models do not differentiate capit

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External and Internal Evaluations,ficiency from the viewpoint of someone outside the organization, whereas the latter does so from the viewpoint of the managers working inside the organization. In the case of the external evaluation of the efficiency of a system such as a manufacturing plant, the evaluator makes observations from a

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