Titlebook: Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs; Michael A. Bozarth Book 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1987 Motivatio

大沟

Conditioned Reinforcement as a Measure of the Rewarding Properties of Drugsprocedure has employed both contingent and noncontingent association of the initially neutral stimulus with repeated doses of the drug reinforcer. Evidence for primary reinforcement by doses of drug is later demonstrated by the behavior of a subject when the stimulus is presented contingent to lever

EVICT

Place Conditioning: A Simple and Effective Method for Assessing the Motivational Properties of Drugsametric viewpoints. The importance of employing a “balanced” paradigm is emphasized. The potential of the paradigm to answer basic questions concerning the neural bases of motivation is outlined with examples.

Adulate

Conditioned Place Preference: A Parametric Analysis Using Systemic Heroin Injectionsssical conditioning were used, such as increasing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus and increasing the number of conditioning trials. These manipulations had little effect on the strength of the conditioned response. Alternative explanations for the shift in place preference were also exam

Inoperable

蚊帐

Applications and Limitations of the Drug Discrimination Method for the Study Of Drug Abuse of drugs that underlie drug abuse. The paper (1) describes the DD behavioral procedures that are available, (2) enumerates the properties of these procedures that are advantageous for the study of drug effects that cause drug abuse, (3) summarizes properties of DD procedures that are disadvantageou

虚情假意

Drug Discrimination: Methods of Manipulation, Measurement, and Analysisons serve as pharmacological stimuli which signal which of several operant responses will be reinforced. Drugs are thought to be discriminable on the basis of their sensory-perceptual effects, and tests for stimulus generalization determine whether other pharmacological treatments produce discrimina

Alopecia-Areata

军火

Tests Involving Pressing for Intracranial Stimulation as an Early Procedure for Screening Likelihoodt is submitted that any drug that would increase activity in that system has a high risk of becoming the focus of an addiction. When an increase in activity of that system is a contingency of an act (such as imbibing, inhaling, snorting, or injecting), then that act will occur more and more frequent

分贝

ing interest in the use of image based learning activities in the standard curriculum. Much has been written in recent education literature about the necessity of giving equal attention to intuitive/holistic modes of processing information as well as rational/analytical modes. Brain and consciousnes

AWL

Robert A. Yokellivan and R. D. Laing. To summarize briefly these theoretical underpinnings, we must remember that Sullivan proposed an interpersonal theory of personality development. He believed that if, in the first year of life, the infant experienced security--that is, acceptance, love, and warmth from the mot