Titlebook: Messengers from the Cosmos; An Introduction to t Francesco Riggi Textbook 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclu

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Francesco Riggir reproducible results.Contains key notes and implementation.Over the last two decades advances in genotyping technology, and the development of quantitative genetic analytical techniques have made it possible to dissect complex traits and link quantitative variation in traits to allelic variation o

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r reproducible results.Contains key notes and implementation.Over the last two decades advances in genotyping technology, and the development of quantitative genetic analytical techniques have made it possible to dissect complex traits and link quantitative variation in traits to allelic variation o

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The Discovery of the Cosmic Radiation, that time were the terrestrial radioactivity, the absorption of the gamma radiation in air and the air ionization, all aspects extensively studied by the use of electroscopes. Even before the famous flight by Hess, several people contributed to these studies: Theodore Wulf with his measurements on

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Developments of the Techniques for the Detection of Cosmic Rays, and use of the electroscopes, even by means of automated systems of recording, strong developments in the observation techniques came both from Wilson cloud chambers, producing visual evidence of the passage of tracks, and from detectors based on single-event counting, allowing to observe the passa

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The Interaction of Primary Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere,as the only mean of observing high energy nuclear processes, before the advent of particle accelerators. The first evidence of nuclear disintegration processes producing secondary tracks came from the early observations by Marietta Blau, who employed nuclear emulsions at the end of 1930s. Nuclear in

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Extensive Air Showers,nating from the interaction of a high energy primary particle at the top of the atmosphere. The existence of extensive air showers dates back to the observations made by Pierre Auger in the Alps, with counters separated up to 300 m, although some evidence had been observed by Rossi a few years befor

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The Detection of Extensive Air Showers,es of the techniques and analysis procedures originally employed for this task. The structure and performance of the ground particle arrays, collection of detectors to identify and reconstruct the arrival of a shower, are here discussed and a description is given of the main detection facilities whi