| 书目名称 | Medicinal Orchids of Asia | | 编辑 | Eng Soon Teoh | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Describes more than 500 Asian orchid species with a wealth of beautiful color photos and drawings.Covers botanical, ecological, ethno-medicinal and pharmacological aspects.Features more than 1,200 ref | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This unique book brings together a wealth of data on the botanical, ethno-medicinal and pharmacological aspects of over 500 species of Asian medicinal orchids. It starts off by explaining the role and limitations of complimentary and herbal medicines, and how traditional Asian medicine differs from Western, “scientific” medicine. The different Asian medical traditions are described, as well as their modes of preparing herbal remedies. The core of the book presents individual medicinal orchid species arranged by genera. Each species is identified by its official botanical name, synonyms, and local names. Its distribution, habitat and flowering season, uses and pharmacology are described. An overview sums up the research findings on all species within each genus. Clinical observations are discussed whenever available, and possible therapeutic applications are highlighted. The book closes with chapters on the conservation of medicinal orchids and on the role of randomized clinical trials.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2016 | | 关键词 | TCM; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Medicinal plants; Orchid taxonomy; Secondary plant metabolites; Tradi | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24274-3 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-319-79598-0 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-319-24274-3 | | copyright | Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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Abstract
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Introduction |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
The fast pace of modernisation in China and India has created an interphase between science and traditional knowledge. In this rush for progress, traditional knowledge that is orally transmitted between select members of families and tribes is rapidly disappearing. Herbal knowledge is an integral part of this tradition; therefore, it is an objective of this book to document whatever such knowledge the author can find. Herbs are a major primary source of medicines in use today, so it is natural that plants would continue to be analysed in the hope of finding new compounds that may help in the treatment of conditions associated with ageing, such as physical decline, sexual dysfunction, dementia, osteoporosis, skin changes, metabolic disorders, strokes and cancer. New drugs are also required to fight infections and prevent chemical and anoxic damage to organs. Before the 1970s, apart from the study of alkaloids, attention was not paid to orchids as a source of new phytochemicals. That has now changed dramatically, and every month new discoveries are announced. The pharmacological effects of extracts or compounds from various orchids are another area of study. Summaries of these findin
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Traditional Chinese Medicine, Korean Traditional Herbal Medicine, and Japanese Kanpo Medicine |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) attributes its origin to Shen Nong, an ancient ruler who introduced the cultivation of four cereals plus soya bean, thus providing a complete diet without relying on animal protein. After personally tasting hundreds of herbs and being periodically poisoned in the process, he also wrote ., the first Chinese ., which described 237 herbs. The date of compilation is 3000 BC but the earliest extant copies are from the first century C.E. Three important orchidaceous herbs are described in this book: . (.), . (.) and . (.). Major additions and revisions of the book were produced in different dynasties. The most important updates are Li Shizhen’s ., produced during the Ming Dynasty, and the . and ., compiled after the founding of the Peoples’ Republic, which increased the total number of items more than tenfold. Traditional Korean medicine and Japanese Kanpo medicine are derived from TCM. This chapter goes on to describe the characteristics of Chinese herbs and how they are used.
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Indian Traditional Medicine and Other Asian Traditions |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Whereas . is the principal component of traditional Indian medicine, the latter includes . medicine (a totally different system practised principally in Tamil Nadu and using different herbs), . (Greek) medicine, Tibetan medicine and tribal medicines. . is a 3000-year-old northern tradition that continued to evolve until the end of the Indian classical period in the sixth century. Its main objectives are to promote quality of life and longevity. Four rare, terrestrial orchid species are included in the preparation of ., which is both tonic and aphrodisiac. Today, over 100 orchid species are used in Indian traditional medicine, but for many of them there is disagreement among herbalists as to whether some were also those mentioned in early texts because descriptions in such texts are not botanically precise. . medicine is practised in the Tamil-speaking region of India. . are holy men with intuitive/divine knowledge and . medicine is attributed to the god Shiva who transmitted it to Agasthiar. . medicine is not entirely the provenance of .; it is also practised by learned folk and grandmothers. There are 2000 drugs listed but only around 300 are in contemporary usage..Herbal usage in
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Processing of Medicinal Herbs |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Orchid plant parts (stems, leaves, tubers, flowers or roots) are commonly used in the fresh state to prepare medications in folk medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also makes use of fresh material, but in a very large country, this is not always possible, so there is a tradition of using dried herbs. Proper processing is essential to get the best value for a herb and to allow for prolonged storage. The various steps in the processing of medicinal plants used in TCM, dosage and administration of a herbal product are described in this chapter. . (medicinal .) is presented as an example to illustrate the usage of an orchid herb.
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Secondary Metabolites of Plants |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Orchid phytochemicals that have been studied include alkaloids, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, stilbenoids, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and polysaccharides. Many of these compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihelminthic, anticoagulant, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering properties. Some compounds are cytotoxic, prevent angiogenesis and tumour spread and promote programmed cell death of cancer cells. Some compounds protect nerve cells against chemicals and oxygen deprivation (stroke), promote nerve cell regeneration, protect the skin from ultraviolet damage, protect the liver against poisons such as carbon tetrachloride, prevent calcium loss from bone and enhance foetal lung maturation. This chapter provides a short account of the characteristics of the various groups of compounds, including their properties.
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Discovery, Testing and Improving the Production of Herbs and New Drugs |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Mass screening of plants for chemical compound has produced a vast library of chemical compounds from which scientists hope to find new remedies to slow the ageing process and health decline and to treat diseases. This chapter provides an outline of the areas of pharmaceutical interest and the processes by which compounds are discovered and evaluated. It also discusses methods for medicinal crop protection and genetic manipulation for better production of phytochemicals.
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Abstract
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Twenty-seven species in 12 genera (., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., . and .) are described and several are illustrated. . has been shown through surrogate markers to have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, cytotoxic, anabolic and immunomodulatory properties. In animal experiments, . extracts enhanced memory retention, promoted foetal lung maturation and prevented bone loss. Usage of three endemic . species is confined to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). . species have long usage as sources of . in Europe and the Middle East, whereas their tubers are collected from northern Iran for local and export markets. The remaining herbs are mostly tropical lowland species that play a role in native medicine. Phytochemical data for . and . are presented.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
. is one of the oldest Chinese medicinal herbs. In addition to describing its traditional usage and its extensive phytochemistry, this chapter discusses the role of . as an embolising agent for cancer treatment and its use as nanoparticles for gene therapy and drug delivery. . kills liver flukes and acts against bacteria responsible for dental caries. Numerous phytochemicals have been isolated from this species. Other orchid genera described are ., . and ..
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
This large chapter describe the herbal usage and pharmacology of 73 species in 12 genera (.). A good percentage of the orchids are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants and many hybrids have been produced with . and .. TCM makes use of 14 species of Calanthe and Rumphius who authored . [the ., Volumes . (1741–1750), published posthumously] described . species contain compounds with antitumour and hair-restoring properties. Fourteen species of . are medicinal and several have been studied phytochemically by Majumder’s group in Calcutta. Another large group, ., with 17 medicinal species, is also much studied. Lectins present in some species suppress replication of coronaviruses, toroviruses and viruses. An interesting compound that suppresses angiogenesis has been discovered in . and it may find a role in preventing blindness and spread of cancers. . is a homomycotrophic genus and should be an interesting subject for phytochemical studies.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Sixty-five species of . are used in traditional Chinese medicine and in folk medicine in India and various parts of Southeast Asia. An attempt is made in this chapter to identify species by their recognized botanical names and to resolve the confusion over their numerous synonyms which are frequently used in scientific and herbal publications. . (.) has been studied by many scientific teams and their discoveries are reviewed individually at species level and collectively as a genus. Among the compounds isolated, several show considerable promise as potential anticancer agents because of their ability to overcome chemo-resistance of cancer cells and render them again responsive to standard chemotherapeutic agents... has an interesting cultural history. Shakespeare referred to its tuber as “dead men’s fingers” and he alluded to its usage by witches. They are collected for .: . is a prized Himalayan aphrodisiac. . has also been extensively studied but for different reasons. Several of its compounds may be neuro-protective. . and . are also described.
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, to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Five species of ., two . and eight Asian species of . are employed in herbal medicine. . is used as a tonic in China whereas in India extract of . is administered to the insane. Lectins in . possess antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses. Medicinal usage of . is varied. . which enjoys a wide distribution is used to treat worms, boils, abscesses, chest infections, snake bites, anorexia, pain and bleeding from trauma in various countries. In India, it is also an aphrodisiac. Phenanthrenes, alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, sterols and flavoids are present in the species. Several medicinal species of . are now assigned to . and .. Some species have been examined for the presence of phytochemicals.. Phenanthrenes and stilbenoids are present in . and related genera. Nicobar islanders employ . to treat fever, malaria, body ache and chest pain.
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, to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
. (.) is the most important species of orchid used in traditional medicine. It is the principal herb used for the prevention and treatment of strokes and for neurological disorders which include Parkinsonism and dementia. . is present in many patent Chinese herbal remedies. More than 50 compounds have been isolated from this orchid. Their neuro-protective and other effects, and those of crude . extracts are extensively discussed in this chapter. Chinese scientists have also discovered a way to cultivate the orchid. Other orchid genera described in this chapter are ., ., ., ., . and .. Examples are provided on how these orchids are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and other traditions.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Twenty-four species of ., three of ., two ., two ., and one each of ., ., . and . are used in herbal medicine. This chapter deals exclusively with the botanical and herbal aspects of the 35 species. . are attractive orchids and many species are under cultivation, but members of the other genera are not commonly encountered.
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Genus: ,–, |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
. is one of the first orchids to be investigated for alkaloids, and many compounds have been isolated from . and . which are related genera. All alkaloids from . exhibit inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi suggesting that there may be a basis for their usage to treat superficial infections. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids possess anti-oxidant activity. Nine . species are used in China, with six being used as haemostatic. There is considerable interest in investigating . for cytotoxic compounds. Nine species of . are used in herbal medicine for varied ailments . . species contain small amounts of alkaloids. . has been extensively investigated.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
. is ., a popular Indian herbal tonic and aphrodisiac which is being depleted in the wild by overcollection and habitat destruction. It is also used in decoction or as a herbal soup with meat to treat sexual dysfunction or “to strengthen the kidneys” (probably meaning the same thing) in China. Malaxin isolated from . is effective against chloroquin-resistant falciparium malaria. . (better known by its synonym, .) is also used to treat malaria in India and parts of Southeast Asia, but only as an ingredient in a bath; it is not taken orally. A poultice prepared with its leaves is applied to fractures and swellings. Kampti villagers in Arunachal Pradesh cultivate the orchids on trees located near their homes to ensure a ready supply. There is no evidence of a similar attempt by other villagers to cultivate ., which could provide them with a comfortable living because of its high market value. . and . are two additional genera described in this chapter.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
., ., ., . and . are discussed in this Chapter. . is mentioned in some ancient Ayurvedic texts, and it has wide applications in Traditional Indian Medicine. Appreciable amounts of alkaloids, five novel triterpenes and four new methylsterols have been detected in .. Alkaloids are present in small amounts in some species of . and in . but absent in . is a primitive genus and that fact alone should invite phytochemical studies.
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Genus: , to , |
Eng Soon Teoh M.D., F.R.C.O.G., F.A.C.S. |
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Abstract
Eighteen species in six genera [., ., ., ., . (=.) . ] are described in this chapter. A detailed historical account of . which makes use of tubers of ., . and numerous other orchids described in this volume is included in this chapter. Usage of . species is confined to the Himalayas, while phytochemical studies are being undertaken in China. Some species of . contain alkaloids.
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:09:02
