Titlebook: Medical Ethics in Clinical Practice; Matjaž Zwitter Book 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Physician-patient relationship.Clinical

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Ethical Codes and Declarations,onduct. Even after many centuries, the early documents on medical ethics are outstanding examples of clear, precise, and timeless formulations. In recent decades, dramatic changes to the practice of medicine have led to an enormous increase in the volume of ethical declarations and documents. Nevert

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Moral Status,atus of a fertilized human egg cell, of an embryo, of a patient in the terminal phase of an incurable disease or of a laboratory animal are at the roots of ethical disputes. Several criteria for definition of moral status have been proposed, including human properties, cognitive properties, moral ag

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Ethical Analysis,p of persons involved. Ethical analysis begins with a list of persons involved and then explores, for each of them, the ethical benefits and costs of a certain action according to the four ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. In this way, two or more possible acti

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Autonomy and Its Limitations,y includes the right to information and protection of privacy. In an ideal situation, a patient with full autonomy participates in all essential medical decisions and consents to every invasive procedure. However, even patients with full capacity have the right to transfer their autonomy to others:

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Communication,tance, and weak communication is at the roots of most complaints or accusations of professional misbehavior. Communication should always be bidirectional. When dealing with relatively simple and transient medical problems, communication is often limited to technical instructions. With chronic diseas

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Relations in the Medical Team,e reluctant to recognize the expertise of other health professionals such as nurses. However, in the light of rapid expansion of knowledge in all fields of medicine, sharing of knowledge, expertise, and responsibility is essential. Within a healthcare team, discordances in professional and organizat

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Image of a Physician,n dismal conditions, at risk to their own health and life. However, these outstanding personalities should not be taken as a model towards whom every physician should strive. For most physicians, their profession is much more than just a job; yet, they do not wish to be deprived of their private liv