Titlebook: Mathematical Geoscience; Andrew Fowler Textbook 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 climate.earth surface processe.environment.geomor

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fy the causative variants in each candidate region are under way. The list of candidate genes points to the crucial pathways that play a role in the development of SLE, such as HLA and immune system signaling, upregulated type I interferon and nucleic acids response, and defective clearance of dying

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Climate Dynamics,ple case of a grey, one-dimensional atmosphere. Following this, the convective temperature structure of the troposphere is discussed. The latter part of the chapter deals with energy balance models, in particular with a view to understanding ice age causes. This introduces successively the ice-albed

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Oceans and Atmospheres,strophic potential vorticity equation in the troposphere, following Pedlosky’s derivation, but in addition providing a self-consistent recipe for the determination of the stratification parameter. The interesting possibility of atmospheric overturn arises as a consequence. The chapter concludes with

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River Flow,ort wave and long wave approximations, which give rise to the shallow water equations and slowly-varying flow, respectively. Waves are discussed, including the monoclinal flood wave, and there are substantial discussions of roll waves and tidal bores.

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Dunes,ir formation is less easy. This chapter discusses models of dune formation in both fluvial and aeolian contexts, and in particular gives detailed discussion of two models based on descriptions of turbulent flow with either a constant eddy viscosity, or one derived from mixing length theory. The form

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Landscape Evolution,epth of water flow represent conservation of sediment and water mass, respectively. A uniform downhill slope is unstable to the Smith–Bretherton rilling instability, and this is regularised at large wave number by a singular term involving the ratio of water depth to hillslope elevation. The same th

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