Titlebook: Materials Science: Theory and Engineering; Nestor Perez Textbook 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive lic

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Mass Transport,y the Fick’s laws of diffusion, by ionic migration, and by convective motion of a fluid in a certain environment. In solid-sate diffusion, crystal structures of some crystalline materials are sensitive to heat treatment processes in specific gaseous environments. This is attributed to the atomic str

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Thermodynamics of Phase Change,iated with energy change of matter during a process being influenced by temperature and pressure. In principle, thermodynamics describes the conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and the conversion of energy and defines the physical state of matter. Most phase changes henceforth are related

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Solidification Heat Transfer,actices. For a pure metal, the melting or solidification process occurs at a single temperature ., while an alloy undergoes either process at a temperature range ., where . and . are the solid and liquid temperatures, respectively. Actually, phase transformation occurs when an amount of energy is ei

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Solidification and Phase Diagrams,heir alloys, and ceramic materials. As a result, solidification induces the evolution of microstructural features used to develop phase diagrams with the aid of cooling curves. The most relevant aspect of foundry technology is the pouring of a melt (liquid metal) into a sand or metal mold containing

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Fracture Mechanics,ack tip for subsequent crack growth and propagation under an applied stress. For comparison, the modulus of toughness or simply toughness is the ability of an initially crack-free material to absorb strain energy to deform or fracture under applied strains. The modulus of toughness is a short term f

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Physical Properties of Solids,ehavior, solids can be classified as metallic, ionic, semiconducting, and superconducting materials. In conformity with magnetic behavior, solids are characterized as ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic materials. When an active material in an electrical circuit being exposed

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Nondestructive Methods,) or nondestructive examination (NDE) of structural components using ultrasonic waves, ultrasonic thermography (UT), radiography, magnetic particle, eddy currents, and dye penetrant or liquid penetrant. In essence, sound waves are vibrations carrying vibrational energy that is transmitted through a

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