Titlebook: Mastering Modern European History; Stuart Miller Textbook 1997Latest edition Stuart T. Miller 1997 Adolf Hitler.communism.empire.Europe.Eu

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The revolutions of 1848,ll of the efforts of Metternich the forces of reaction were uncoordinated, and all of the revolutions were fought out internally. The coincidence is to be explained largely by the common underlying causes (see Section 4) and by a sort of ‘domino theory’. However, the course of the revolutions also d

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,Imperial Russia 1801–81,iety, economy and administration, or to turn away from these influences. Both of these policies shared the same danger; that in different ways they could provoke growing tensions within Russia. The dilemma of an eastward or westward-looking Russia is a recurrent theme in Russian history.

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,The Second French Empire 1852–70,e three weeks later. His supporters included businessmen escaping from the spectre of the ‘urban red mob’, peasants expecting higher food prices, Roman Catholics looking to a new alliance of state and church, and many of the urban workers. He rode to power on a national mood rather than party suppor

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The New Imperialism,n regarded as an unjustified expense, and formal political control was seen as an irrelevance when the commercial benefits could be enjoyed anyway in an epoch of free trade. In 1852, Benjamin Disraeli had described colonies as ‘millstones around our neck’. Twenty years later, he publicly endorsed a

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,Bismarck and International Relations 1871–90, an aspect of calculated diplomacy, he had built Germany; now he resorted to diplomacy to avoid international wars which would disturb the consolidation of the new state. He announced: ‘We have no further demands to make … We have enough annexed populations’.