Titlebook: Mastering Mathematics; O. Perry,J. Perry Textbook 1982Latest edition Macmillan Publishers Limited 1982 mathematics

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Percentage, Ratio and Proportion,Per cent (symbol %) means per hundred, and a percentage may be considered as a common fraction with 100 as denominator.A percentage may also be expressed as a decimal fraction, so that.To change a percentage to a fraction, divide by one hundred.

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Other Number Bases,The denary system of counting used in Chapter 1 has ten digits and the columns are powers of ten. Any positive integer other than one could be used as the base of a counting system, for instance the octal system, base eight, uses the eight digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0 and the columns are powers of eight.

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Algebraic Equations and Inequalities,Placing an equals sign between two algebraic expressions implies that they have the same numerical value . are all . in one unknown, ., which is called the .. In order to maintain the equality, whatever change is made to the expression on one side of an equation must also be made on the other side.

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Sets,Sets are the basis of modern algebra, and set theory and notation are used in other branches of mathematics, particularly in probability and topology.

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Perimeter, Area and Volume,The perimeter of a polygon is the total length of its sides, so that a regular polygon with . sides of length . cm has perimeter . cm. There is no general formula for the perimeter of irregular polygons but when the dimensions are known the perimeter is easily calculated.

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Integers, They were replaced by Hindu-Arabic symbols similar to the familiar 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, used today, and these are called . after the Latin word for ‘finger’. In most countries the . of counting in tens is used, but other systems are considered in Chapter 6, including binary arithmetic.

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