| 书目名称 | Managing Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region | | 编辑 | Walter Leal Filho | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Has an international scope, covering a range of countries.Comprehensively describes research and projects on climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Pacific.Provides government and non-governm | | 丛书名称 | Climate Change Management | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This book presents papers written by scholars, practitioners, and members of social movements and government agencies pursuing research and/or climate change projects in the Pacific region. Climate change is impacting the Pacific in various ways, including numerous negative effects on the natural environment and biodiversity. As such, a better understanding of how climate change affects Pacific communities is required, in order to identify processes, methods, and tools that can help countries and the communities in the region to adapt and become more resilient. Further, the book showcases successful examples of how to cope with the social, economic, and political problems posed by climate change in the region. . | | 出版日期 | Book 2020 | | 关键词 | Climate change; Adaptation to climate change; Biodiversity; Sea level rise in the Pacific region; Displa | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40552-6 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-030-40554-0 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-030-40552-6Series ISSN 1610-2002 Series E-ISSN 1610-2010 | | issn_series | 1610-2002 | | copyright | Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture and Land Use Sectors: A Review of Nationally Determine |
Krystal Crumpler,Martial Bernoux |
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Abstract
Climate change is already altering the natural resource base upon which global food security and nutrition depend, with disproportionate impacts on rural and coastal communities in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (IPCC in An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate. IPCC, .). The agriculture and land use sectors (crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture) lie at the heart of the global response to climate change, with the unique capacity to protect ecosystem integrity and promote the livelihoods and resilience of the poor and vulnerable (FAO in State of food and agriculture: climate change, agriculture and food security. FAO, Rome, .). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) has developed a methodology (Crumpler et al. in Working paper no. 76, FAO, Rome, .) and analysis of the role of the agriculture and land use sectors in the climate change adaptation components set forth in the Nationally Determin
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,Place Attachment and Cultural Barriers to Climate Change Induced Relocation: Lessons from Vunisavis |
Priyatma Singh,Dhrishna Charan,Manpreet Kaur,Kelera Railoa,Ravneel Chand |
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Abstract
Relocation from coastal areas is a huge challenge for communities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change induced inundation. This study focuses on Vunisavisavi Village in Fiji, where severe coastal erosion and frequent inundation events have increased to such an extent that relocation is the only feasible option remaining. This paper explores the social and cultural challenges faced by Vunisavisavi villagers in relocation, with an emphasis on the extent to which place attachment acts as a barrier for relocation. The paper summarizes the findings from individual and focus group interviews of Vunisavisavi villagers. The research findings provide an insight into the existing adaptation patterns of the villagers and recommends an early intervention in assessing the vulnerability of communities to ensure that best adaptation strategies are implemented.
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,“Adaptation in Small Islands: Research Themes and Gaps”, |
Tony Weir |
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Abstract
This paper classifies the literature relating to adaptation in small island developing states (SIDS), especially in the Pacific Islands, with a view to identifying gaps where further research could facilitate useful action. The main themes emerging are: (1) Social issues. (2) sectoral impacts of climate change. (3) community-based adaptation (on which most studies are only in informal literature). (4) relocation of communities, both internationally (widely studied though little acted on as yet) or in-country (an emerging response in the Pacific but comparatively little studied). (5) financing at various levels for adaptation (far outweighed by financing for mitigation), (6) islander perceptions of climate change and their information sources. Researchers based in the islands and regional organisations have an important role in recognising these issues and in developing the local skills base needed to deal with them. The Paris Agreement of 2015 is a positive (but as yet inadequate) step towards the international action on climate change that small island developing states need. It would be particularly useful for researchers to document more cases of successes and failures (and the
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,Dam(n) Seawalls: A Case of Climate Change Maladaptation in Fiji, |
Annah E. Piggott-McKellar,Patrick D. Nunn,Karen E. McNamara,Seci T. Sekinini |
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Abstract
Coastal communities in Pacific Island Countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts including sea-level rise, coastal erosion, tidal inundation, and the intensification of storm surge activity. In response, adaptation projects across the region have attempted to reduce exposure and overall vulnerability to these coastal pressures. This paper explores what happens once these projects reach communities: are effective and sustainable outcomes achieved, or can the implementation of adaptation projects lead to unintended negative outcomes and result in maladaptation? This paper investigates this issue in relation to two seawall projects implemented in communities on Vanua Levu Island, Fiji. We found that the seawalls have not been successful in achieving their primary aim of safeguarding communities against coastal pressures and have instead resulted in unanticipated negative outcomes for land and livelihood security. Of primary concern is the way that seawalls trap water along their landward sides—acting more like a dam—because of the ineffective design and construction of the seawalls and associated infrastructure. This paper concludes with a call to think more long-
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,An Overview of the Information Presented in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for Fiji, Pa |
Linda Flora Vaike,Diana Hinge Salili,Morgan Wairiu |
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Abstract
The Paris Agreement requires that signatories develop and communicate their post 2020 climate actions in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions. This paper encompasses an overview of the nationally determined contributions communicated by the Pacific Small Islands Developing States with a focus on the four (4) Melanesian countries; Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. It identifies the gaps and challenges the nationally determined contributions potentially entail and is a contribution to the development of discourse on nationally determined contributions for the four (4) Melanesian countries. The methodology used is a situational analysis of the NDCs communicated by Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The paper explores the questions ‘are the current nationally determined contributions communicated by the four (4) Melanesian countries consistent, comprehensive and feasible?’ and ‘what can be done to improve the information provided in these nationally determined contributions?’ The paper proposes key mitigation and adaptation interventions for NDC enhancement and is intended to be used by the four (4) countries to enhance the implementation
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,iTaukei Ways of Knowing and Managing Mangroves for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation, |
Jasmine Pearson,Karen E. McNamara,Patrick D. Nunn |
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Abstract
Global concerns for Pacific Island Countries under a new climate regime and increasing development challenges has prompted many external agencies to intervene with climate change adaptation programs. Despite extensive funding and efforts, many external interventions tend to overlook the importance of Indigenous and local knowledge, and working in partnership with local people to co-produce sustainable and effective adaptation strategies. In many Pacific countries, mangroves deliver ecosystem goods and services that are essential to the livelihoods of local people and can enhance resilience to climate change. This paper explores how iTaukei (Indigenous Fijian) communities have sustainably managed mangrove ecosystems over time, and how this knowledge and experiences can enable future ecosystem-based adaptation options that are more sustainable and effective. Across six rural villages in western Vanua Levu, a series of semi-structured household interviews (n = 41) were undertaken, coupled with participant observation. The findings demonstrate the importance of understanding, respecting and utilising Indigenous knowledge for managing and protecting local ecosystems as part of communiti
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,Planned Relocation from the Impacts of Climate Change in Small Island Developing States: The Inters |
Melanie Pill |
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Abstract
An increasing number of people have to abandon their homes and livelihoods due to the adverse impacts of climate change. Human mobility has always been part of people’s lives, however, some movements, especially planned relocation in the context of climate change, have become involuntary. Non-economic losses occur and the question is whether the relocation of entire communities is still and adaptation response or falls under the realm of loss and damage (L&D) from climate change. This chapter explores the intersection between migration as an adaptation response and L&D with a focus on small island developing states. It analyses when human mobility can no longer be described as adaptation as non-economic losses become too high. It shows that existing frameworks are inadequate to assess community relocation in the context of L&D and non-economic losses. The chapter concludes that there is a spectrum leading from human mobility as an adaptation response to forced migration as L&D. It develops a new framework to assess planned relocation projects and provides concrete recommendations to reduce non-economic losses.
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,A Knowledge Network Approach to Understanding Water Shortage Adaptation in Kiribati, |
Rebecca Cunningham,Pierre Mukheibir,Brent Jacobs,Louise Boronyak,Pelenise Alofa |
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Abstract
Kiribati, a small-island developing state in the Pacific, experiences a range of climate change impacts, including drought, sea-level rise, coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion to freshwater lenses. These impacts negatively affect food security and drinking water quality resulting in poor human health outcomes, particularly child morbidity. Timely warning about changes to drinking water supplies could reduce community health impacts but the existence and effectiveness of knowledge networks for water quality are unclear. This paper describes an engagement process with key stakeholders (government, community service organizations and community members) to understand how information about the impacts of climate change on potable water supplies was sought and shared using a social network analysis approach. The information networks revealed were highly fragmented and timely sharing of information was poor, which limits effective prophylactic intervention that might reduce child mortality from preventable diseases and illnesses such as diarrhoea. The main conclusion reached is that fragmented island geography and traditional forms of oral information transmission may be important fac
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,Climate Change and Peri-Urban Household Food Security—Lessons from West Taraka, Morobe Province, Pa |
Zina Bird,Linda Yuen |
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Abstract
Climate change has become a major concern towards the stability of global food production due to long and short-term climate related events. This paper will incorporate climate data to build on the existing data on the status of household food and nutrition security in one of Lae’s peri-urban settlement, West Taraka in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Two data sets were collected: household dietary patterns and changes in food production, and socio-economic characteristics, using stratified purposive sampling for selected fifty-eight (58) households in June 2016 through household survey and informal interviews (mixed method). Results show no statistical relationships between socio-economic characteristics of the households and their Household Dietary Diversity Score and Food Consumption Score. However, a significant inverse relationship at 95% probability exists between the numbers of household members in school with the Household Food Consumption Score. This study also found a significant positive relationship at 99% level probability between household income and Food Consumption Score signaling that income was the main determinant of household food and nutritional security.
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,Resilience in Education: An Example from Primary School in Fiji and Technical Vocational Education |
Peni Hausia Havea,Antoine De Ramon N’ Yeurt,Apenisa Tagivetaua Tamani,Amelia Siga,Hélène Jacot Des C |
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Abstract
In the Pacific, the capacity of curriculum writers for integrating the content of climate change into their curricula and/or taught Resilience [Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) & Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)] in education is limited. This paper described the findings of a 2018 study on the integration of climate change into primary and secondary schools’ curricula and taught resilience in education in TVET. It involves teachers (n = 30) from Kadavu and Levuka islands, curriculum writers and editors from the Ministry of Education, GIZ, SPC, and USP—in Fiji. An exploratory design was used to explore the curricula for Fiji and the EU PacTVET project at SPC. Information was collected from workshops and training events, interviews and project documents. Using BEKA (Benchmarking, Evidencing, Knowing, Applying) and the concept of ako (e.g. to study or educate), a model of climate change and resilience in education was designed as part of this research to help Pacific schools with their curricula. These results indicate how behavioural changes may shape Resilience, thus placing them in a better position to achieve the UNFCCC, the SDGs, the Sendai Framework and the Framework for Resilient D
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,Engaging Communities and Government in Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Adaptation in Papua Ne |
Brent Jacobs,Kylie McKenna,Louise Boronyak,Francesca Dem,Shen Sui,Kenneth Pomoh,Mavis Jimbudo,Heveak |
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Abstract
Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) mainland consists of 33 million hectares of forests. The third largest intact rainforest in the world, it contains about 7% of the world’s species, 2/3 of which are unique to PNG. PNG’s ecosystems face multiple and interdependent threats associated with economic development, population growth and a changing climate. Academic and policy analysis on environmental change in PNG is extensive, particularly associated with the minerals and energy extraction sector. To counterbalance the negative impacts of this sector on affected communities, much of the focus has been on devising compensation packages and formal regulatory mechanisms to increase ‘landowner’ participation. Less attention has been afforded to the development activities undertaken by communities (e.g. development of new roads, expansion of settlements, land clearance from fires and logging), which also impact on ecosystem services. PNG’s rural communities are eager for more support to identify existing threats to supplement their own processes for determining trade-offs of development particularly under a changing climate. This paper describes the use, in facilitated workshops, of participatory tec
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,Multi-level Governance of Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study of Country-Wide Adaptation Projec |
Anna McGinn,Anama Solofa |
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Abstract
Countries across the Pacific region have experienced a surge in internationally funding for climate adaptation initiatives. In the Independent State of Samoa, two major projects—funded by the Adaptation Fund and the World Bank Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)—have supported adaptation planning and activity implementation in most villages across the country. These country-wide initiatives range from conducting LiDAR studies and updating Community Integrated Management (CIM) plans to installing rainwater catchment and storage tanks and reforesting water catchment areas. These projects inherently present a multi-level governance challenge because they are developed at the national level, are funded and monitored at the international level, and ultimately implemented in communities. This chapter explores the extent to which interactions across governance levels and scales advance effective adaptation to climate change. Based on in-country interviews, site observations, and observations of the Adaptation Fund’s terminal evaluation process, this chapter presents evidence from these major adaptation initiatives in Samoa to highlight where multi-level governance had been leverag
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,The Impact of Connectivity on Information Channel Use in Tonga During Cyclone Gita: Challenges and |
Aideen Foley |
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Abstract
In island contexts, geographic characteristics such as remoteness and boundedness can substantially impact the capacity for connection, and how people experience the state of being connected, i.e. connectivity. Varying degrees of connectivity may, in turn, affect how island communities prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change, including extreme weather risks. Tropical cyclone warnings are a pertinent example; vital information must reach citizens in isolated peripheral locations, where both telecommunications infrastructure and cultural contexts may differ from the island core, leading to differences in how people access information. Drawing primarily on the case of Tonga, which was affected by Cyclone Gita in 2018, this paper explores these core-periphery patterns relating to how information channels are engaged with when facing extreme weather risks. Census data and cyclone impact data are used to assess spatial patterns in the extent of material and non-material connectivities based on communications, economic and linguistic variables, and to explore the impact of connectivity on the processes of risk reduction and natural hazard response, through dissemination o
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,Climate Change in Tonga: Risk Perception and Behavioral Adaptation, |
David N. Sattler,Uili Lousi,James M. Graham,Viliami Latu,James Johnson,Siosaia Langitoto Helu |
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Abstract
This chapter develops a model of climate change risk perception and behavioral intention to take action to prevent climate change in the Kingdom of Tonga. The project was conducted in the wake of Cyclone Gita, one of the strongest cyclones to strike Tonga in recorded history. Climate change may have increased the strength ofCyclone Gita. We examined how resource loss as a result of the storm, coping, community norms, value orientation, and posttraumatic stress influence climate change risk perception and behavioral intention to prevent climate change. The project was guided by climate change models we developed after Cyclone Winston made landfall in Fiji. The participants were 230 people (49% men, 51% women) in communities in Tonga (age: M = 42, SD = 15.5). They completed assessment instruments measuring resource loss as a result of the cyclone, coping, community norms regarding climate change, personal values, posttraumatic stress, climate change risk perceptions, behavioral intention to prevent climate change, and demographics. Two models with similar paths predicated climate change risk perceptions and behavioral intention to prevent climate change. In one path, loss of resource
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,Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Islands: A Review of Faith-Engaged Approaches and Opportun |
Johannes M. Luetz,Patrick D. Nunn |
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Abstract
The Pacific Islands region is highlighted in the literature as one of the most vulnerable geographic areas in the world, with a high priority for adaptation to climate change. In consequence, many interventions have been proposed and implemented over the years that approach environmental sustainability and adaptation to climate change in the Pacific from a predominantly scientific and technocratic worldview perspective, in which climate change is seen as a science-informed issue, rather than a faith-informed issue. Overwhelmingly, adaptation initiatives are scientifically justified and externally conceived, funded and implemented. Regrettably, most interventions intended to reduce exposure to environmental risk and to enable effective and sustainable adaptation to climate change in the Pacific Islands region have failed to acknowledge influences on decision-making of spirituality and connectedness to Nature. In the light of the almost total Christianization of Pacific Islands within the past century, such intervention failures are surprising. The situation cannot continue because every day the need for adaptation to climate change that is effective and sustainable is growing. Given
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,Climate Change and the Pacific Region: Some Future Trends, |
Walter Leal Filho |
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Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines some future trends on climate change in the Pacific region, and suggests some areas where action is needed in order to better prepare the region for the many challenges posed by a changing climate change. In particular, it suggests the creation of a “Marshall Plan for Pacific Small Island Countries”, which may offer a long term basis upon which climate change adaptation and resilience efforts may be performed.
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:05:51
