Titlebook: Making Ammonia; Fritz Haber, Walther Benjamin Johnson Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2022 Open Access.Fr

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The State of Ammonia Synthesis at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: The Arena for DiscoveryWhen Fritz Haber took up the problem of ammonia synthesis in 1903 there were several methods of obtaining fixed nitrogen, both naturally and through synthesis in chemical reactions. The main natural sources were Chile saltpeter (sodium nitrate from South America) and ammonium sulfate from gas works and coking (and still some guano).

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TerminologyIn Parts I and ., the scientific breakthrough of ammonia synthesis was described in terms of a confluence of factors leading to an arena of research mature enough for advancement—it is a dynamic encapsulated in the concept of ..

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Normal ScienceThe starting point for the discussion of scientific discovery is Kuhn’s distinction between “normal science,” in which routine research is performed and the moments of crisis which can lead to paradigm shifts.

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r many years. The unique appeal of this hypothesis to cellular immunologists came from the observation of continuous and systematic rejection of altered body cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Soon apparent, however, was the disconcerting observation that congenitally immunodeficient athymic nude mic

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is fact is appreciated even by people in the most primitive of civilisations and prompts them to ask the basic question: ‘Why did I develop this disease‘? The astute clinician goes beyond establishing a diagnosis and asks similar questions of himself and his patient. Frequently a singular observatio

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