Titlebook: Long-Term Studies in Ecology; Approaches and Alter Gene E. Likens (Director) Book 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York 1989 ecolog

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What Questions, Systems, or Phenomena Warrant Long-Term Ecological Study?ulation dynamics of long-lived birds because the ages of these animals, and some others, cannot be measured by indirect, nondestructive methods. Thus, population parameters for these animals can only be studied by direct, long-term observation. Given the nascent state of ecology, it seems that many

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Are Currently Available Statistical Methods Adequate for Long-Term Studies?requirements. Study design was the main focus of the group, though some suggestions were made of specific underused, though potentially useful, statistical methods. Issues not considered for lack of time were ways to affect appropriate matches between study designs/approaches and specific classes of

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What Are the Tradeoffs Between the Immediacy of Management Needs and the Longer Process of Scientifi that managers may be interested primarily in being able to predict or control the behavior of a system, while scientists traditionally have been more interested in understanding the workings of a system (but see Peters, 1986). Finally, members of one group often do not understand or appreciate the

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gether leading ecologists and other scientists to address major issues. The first Cary Conference, in 1985, considered the status and future of ecosystem science. This first Conference was rather loosely structured but was successful in stimulating discussion, ideas, and enthusiasm (Likens et al. , 1987). The978-1-4615-7360-9978-1-4615-7358-6

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