Titlebook: Long-Term Ecosystem Changes in Riparian Forests; Hitoshi Sakio Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 Chan

insomnia

machination

The ash species . is the dominant canopy treeof this species occurring at Ooyamazawa regenerated simultaneously following a large-scale disturbance event 200 years ago. Since this event occurred, saplings of .. . have regenerated in canopy gaps. It is probable that . succeeds as a dominant species in riparian forests by regenerating in response to disturbance at multiple scales.

抛物线

The tertiary relict . is an important canopy us [i.e., gap formation and physical damage] factors), which leads to a multi-stemmed growth form. Sprouting allows .. . to dominate stands over time, as it is longer lived than other coexisting species; this promotes the maintenance of its populations.

Angioplasty

Optimum

Changes in Vegetation in the Ooyamazawa Riparian Forestave contributed to their survival in the presence of deer overpopulation. They were either I: toxic plants, II: small herb species which do not increase in plant height, or III: perennial herbs in which the aerial portion withers until the summer and enters yearly dormancy at an early date.

一起平行

Arboreal

General Conclusionerstory vegetation and trees at Ooyamazawa and the resulting cascade effects led to changes in the ground beetle and bird communities. Our 28-year research record indicated that global warming has impacted flowering and fruiting in .. Our findings highlight the necessity of ongoing, long-term monitoring in capturing ecosystem change.

Lasting

lattice

假设

The Ooyamazawa Riparian Forest: Introduction and Overviewd tree life histories over a 35-year period. In particular, research has focused on the life histories of the dominant canopy species ., ., and .. After the research site was registered as a Core Site of the Monitoring Sites 1000 Project, research began on avifauna and ground beetles, in addition to ongoing forest research.